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AIYIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 



THF. UNITED STATES. 

THE discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 14b7 gave to the uiivigators oftli.it iiwo a great impulse tor adven- 
ture Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, a skillful navigator, and a intui of bold and onginal genius, under 
thepatronat'e of Isabella queen of Spain, departed from Palos on the 3d of August, li'J-3, on a voyage ot disco- 
very in the" hope of lindint a western passage to the East Indies. He discovered the Baliama Islands, and land- 
ed on one of them, which he called St. Salvador.on the 12th of October in the same year. Wlien the success of 
Columbus was known in Europe, the king of England dispatched two natives of Venice, John and Sebastian Ca- 
bot father and son, on a voya<Te of discovery. Thoy arrived in Newfoundland in June, 1497, proceeding thenca 
the'v discovered the continent of America, a Ad traversed its coast from the 57 deg. north latitude to Florida. On 
the discoveries made by the Cabots, the English founded their claim to the eastern part oi North America. 

America derived its name from Americus Vespucius, a Florentine, who, with an adventurer from Portugal, 
in 14'J9 visited the continent at Paria in the 5th degree of north latitude, and published on his return, an account 
of his voyacre, and a description of the country. The first, but unsuccessful attempt to plant a colony withm 
the limits oFthe United States, was made in iSOO, in some part of South Carolina, by an illustrious Frenchman, 
Jasper Coli'Tni, for the purpose of securing an asylum for the protestants from the persecution of the catholics 
in France, "in 1504 several navigators from France came to fish on the banks of Newfoundland. 

In 15-24 a Florentine, in the employment of France, visited this continent, and it is supposed that he entered 
the harbor of New-York. For many years following the coast of North America was visited by Europeans 
for the purpose of fishintr, and trading with the natives, but not for settlement. In 1540 the French made an 
unsuccessful attempt to plant a colony in Canada. The gallant Sir Walter Raleigh made several unsuccessful 
attempts to plant a colony in Carolina, in 1584 and the three following years. His maiden que«i Elizabeth 
called this country Virginia. The first direct voyage from Europe to New England was made by Bartholomew 
Gosnald in 160-3. He g.ave the name to Cape Cod, and erected a fort on an island in Buzzard's bay, the rmna of 
which were lately visible. , , . v ' j 

In 1603 and 1G05 Penobscot and Massachusetts Bavs were cjcplored, and the rivers on that coast discovered. 
In IGOG Kinff James divided the country of Virginia, then considered as extending from the southern boundary 
of CaroUna to°the northern boundary of Maine, into two districts,— North and South Virginia; the former he 
granted, by letters patent, to Thomas Hanham and his associates under the style of the Plymouth Company; 
the other 'he granted to Sir Thomas Gates and his associates, under the style of the London Company. The 
members of these companies were principally merchants, whose objects were trade with the natives and the 
discovery of the precious metals. Before the date of these letters patent the king of France had granted to Sieur 
De Monts all the territory from New Jersey to Nova Scotia, then called Acacha. In IG04 the French made a 
settlement on the Bay of Fundy and called it Port Royal ; and in 1603 they founded Uuebec, the capital of 
Canada. Colonies being planted in many parts of the United States by people of various nations of Europe, tho 
English, either by the right of prior discovery, or by the sword obtained jurisdiction over them all as eariy as 
leell. Although these colonies from the time of their settlement to the treaty of Ai.x: La Chapelle in 1748 were 
much anoyed by their French neighbours and the Indians, still they grew very rapidly and added much to the 
wealth and power of the British nation. Their settlements extended along the whole of their coast, but not far 
into the wilderness. 

The settlements of the French reached from the mouth of the river St. Lawrence to Montreal. They had 
erected forts and trading houses on Lake Ontario, had planted New Orleans at the south, had discovered tho 
river Mississippi, and cfaimed the territory on its borders with its tributary streams and its delightful valleys. 

The eftbrts of the French to connect their northern and southern possessions by a line of forts along the 
lakes, the Ohio, and down the Mississippi, produced the war of 1754 which terminated in the capture of Gluebec 
by the English, September 13, 1759 ; the possession of all the Canadian posts in 1760, and a cession by France 
to England of all the northern settlements belonging to the former in America, by a treaty of pe.ace made at Paris, 
February 10, 1763. This war cost Great Britain and her American colonies much blood and treasure. Whilst 
the British looked down on the colonists with a spirit of pride and domination, the colonists, with the bold spirit 
of the New England iathers.counted their own resources, and learnt lessons of liberty. 

In 17G4 Great Britain commenced a series of measures for taxing her American colonies, without allowing 
them the right of representation in Pariiament. The colonies opposed those measures with great firmness and 
eloquence, at the same time not abandoning their loyalty, until 1775, when, finding their country invaded by 
British troops, and forbearance no longer a virtue, they flew to arms, trusting in God and their own resources. 
The skirmish at Lexington on the 19th of April 1775, and the battle of Bunker Hill on the 17th of June 
following, told a story worthy of freemen. As early as September 5, 1774 a continental congress was held at 
Philadelphia. All the 13 colonies attended by their delegates, excepting Georgia. Peyton Randolph was chosen 
president, Charles Thompson, secretary. 

This congress met again in May 1775 at the same place, when John Hancock of Boston, the proscribed 
patriot, was "chosen president. On the 15th of June following this Congress elected George Washington, a 
delegate from Virginia, commander in chief of the American forces. 

Soon after this, most of the colonies established governments of their own, acknowledging no source of 
power but the people, and expressed, by their delegates to the continental congress, their wish to be considered 
sovereign and independent states. On the 7th of June, 1776, a resolution to that efii;ct was proposed to that 
body by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, and seconded by John Adams of Massachusetts. A committee 
composed of Jefferson, Adams, Franklin, Sherman, and Livingston, was appointed to draft it ; and on the 
4th of July, 1776, the memorable Declaration of Independence was adopted by a band of patriots and heroes, 
the only survivor of whom is Charles Carroll of CarroUton in Maryland, who was born September 20, 1737. 

The 13 states, united by ardent patriotism, courageously encountered the horrors and sullerings of a seven 
years' war, and under the guidance of the intrepid Washington, were rewarded with triumphant success. 
In 1782 the British made overtures of peace, hostilities ceased ; and on the 3rd of September 17S3 a treaty ot 
peace was concluded at Paris by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and Henry Laurens. 

In 1787 a convention of most of the states met at Philadelphia to revise their old articles of confederation, 
and form a constitutior better adapted to their present condition. A constitution was formed, which was 
afterwards sanctioned by the people of the several states, and which, with some amendments, is now in force. 

This constitution connects the states more closely together by establishing a general and supreme government, 
composed of a legislative, an executive, and a judicial department. The first consists of a senate and house of 
representatives, and is styled the congress. The members of the house are chosen by the people, and hold 
their olfice two years. They are apportioned among the states according to the number of inliabitants, as^ 
ascert-ained every tenth year, deducting two fifths of the slaves. The ratio as estabUshed under the census of 
1830, is one for every 47,700. 

The senators are the representatives of the states in their sovereign capacity and are chosen for six years by 
the state legislatures, each choosing two. The executive power is vested in a president ajipointed by electors, 
of whom caii state appoints a number equal to its representatives in congress, and also two more in sufh manner as 
the legislature mjv direct. The president is elected for four years : lie is conunander in chief of the land and 
naval forces ; he nojninatcs to the senate all olVicers of llic general governiucnt ; and i\ itli the aidvice and consent 



Gf 



of that body, ratifies trenrira. A vice president is chosen in tho same mamrer and for the same tprin, to fraiftfrm 
all the duties of president when that office is vacant by death, ••<"<ignation or removal. The vice president ia 
€i-officio president of the senate. The judicial power of the Uniteu States is vested in a Supreme Court, and 
such inferior courts as congress may establish : It extends to all cases arising under the constitution, the lawi 
of congress, and treaties of the United States ; to all cases of admiralty and maritijiie jurisdiction, to all 
controversies between citizens of di.Terent states, and between foreigners and citizens of the United States. 
The Judges hold their offices during good behaviour. Neither this constitution, nor a history of the revolutionary 
war can be wiven here ; they arc a part of the records of immortal fame j and, next to the book of inspiration 
should be owned and understood by every child of America. 

The government under its new organization commenced operations at New- York on the 4th of March 1789. 
The electors unanimously chose as their president, "the Man first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearta 
of his countrymen." 

The coranicrcial treaty made with Great Britain by John Jay of New-York in 1794 j advocated by the 
Hamiltons and Ameses of that day, and sanctioned by Washington, laid the corner stone of American conuner- 
cial prosperity. 

With the exception of the bloodless insurrection of Shays in Massachusetts in 1786, and that in Pennsylvania 
in 1794, the momentary war with tlie French Directory in 1798, memorable more for its standing army and direct 
taxes than for any military achievements ; the colUsion with the Barbary states in 18(>4 and 5, in which Deca- 
tur, Eaton and others, gained unfading laurels; and of tliose wars with the natives, the fee simple proprietors 
of the soil, who still inhabit its distant borders ; the United States enjoyed,for a series of years, unexampled peace, 
prosperity and happiness. 

In 1807 the British nation had become as much the tyrant of the ocean as Napoleon had of the continent of 
Europe. American commerce was disturbed in every sea. On the 2"2nd of December 1807, the government 
of the United States commenced a system of embargo and non-intercourse laws, of the wisdom of which some 
wise men have doubted. The two champions in Europe continuing at war, our gallant seamen impressed, 
our coasts invaded, and our commerce with foreign nations almost annihilated, the government of the United 
States remonstrated with the French and English cabinets, and after much vain negotiation, war was declared 
against Great Britain on the 18th of June 1812. This war, although of doubtful expediency, resulted in relieving 
the British nation of all doubt in regard to American naval prowess. Peace was concluded at Ghent on Ijha 
24th of December 1814, and ratified by the United States on tlie 17th of February following. - 

Besides the territory of the British colonies, acquired by the United States, in iheir conliict for independence, 
much has been added to their dominions by the purchase of the Louisiana territory of France, in April 1803 ; by 
the cession of the Floridas by Spain in 1819, and by various treaties, compromises and battles with diU'erent tribes 
of Indians, atdLtTcrcnt periods. 

The immense Territory of the United States is bounded as follows ; \'iz. E. and S. E. by the Atlantic ocean j 
S. by the Gulf of Mexico ; S. W. by the Mexican States ; W. by the Pacific ocean, and N. by the Russian 
and British territories in North America. This extensive region has the following linuts : commencing on 
Passamaquoddy bay, at the mouth of the St. Croix River, and tlience along the Atlantic ocean to Florida point, 
1800 miles; thence along the Gulf of Mexico to the mouth of the Sabine river, 1100 miles; from the mouth of 
Mhe Sabine, in common with the Mexican States to the Pacific ocean, 2300 miles : along the Pacific ocean from 
Lat. 43° to about 49° N. 500 miles ; due E. from the Pacific ocean on Lat. 49° N. on the Russian territories 
to the Rocky or Chippewan mountains, 600 miles ; thence in common with British North America, to the 
mouth of the St. Croix, 3000 miles ; having an entire outline of 9,300 miles. 

MAINE. 

The District of Maine, so called, until it became an independent state in 1820, had been connected with 
Massachusetts in all its political and social relations. The celebrated John Smith made an unsuccessful 
attempt to settle this country in 1G14. The first permanent lodgement of the wliites in this state was made 
from the Plymouth colony at York, in 1630. Emigration to this state has been more slow than to those 
of a milder climate ; yet perhaps there is no state in the union, that promises more independence from its 
own natural strength and resources than Maine. Its first settlers were a race of men with good minds, stout 
hearts and strong arms ; by them and their sons the stately forests were converted into an article of commerce, 
of immense value ; thus preparing large portions of the soil for its ultimate staples, — wheat, beef, and wool. 
The St. Croix, Sheepscot, Androscoggin, Saco and other rivers, with the noble Penobscot and Kennebec, 
flowing into the sea on her extensive coast, meeting at their mouths many delightful bays, with islands of 
romantic beauty, where good harbours abound ; together with her fine ships, and hordy sailors, give to Maine 
peculiar advantages for navigation and the fisheries. Portland is the most important mart of trade in this state, and 
has a fine harbour near the sea. Augusta, at the head of sloop navigation on the Kennebec, 45 miles from its 
mouth, in lat. 44° 17' N. and Ion. 69° 50' W. is a beautiful town, and is now become the capital of the state. 

The bank capital of this state is $2, 170,000. In 1826 there were 138,000 children in Maine, between 4 and 
21 years of age, of which about 102,000 attended school. The annual.expenditure is about $138,000. Every 
town within the state is obliged by law to raise annually, a sum equivalent at least to 40 cents from each person 
within the town, for the support of common schools. Large tracts of very excellent land in this state, and many 
beautiful islands in the bays on its coast, are for sale on favourable terms to purchasers. 

This State is bounded north west, and north by Lower Canada ; east by New Brunswick ; south by the 
Atlantic ocean ; and west by New Hampshire. Situated between 43° 5' and 48° 3 North Lat. and 70° 55' 
and 66° 47' East Longitude. Cape Elizabeth Light, Lat. 43° 33' N. and Lon: 70° 11' W. 

NE\\ -HAMPSHIRE. 

This State was first peopled by Europeans, l>y virtue of a grant trom the Plymouth Company to John 
Mason and Ferdinando Gorges, in 1622. Their first locations were at Little Harbour, on the west side of 
Piscataqua river, and at Cocheco, now Dover. In 1631 the first house was built at Portsmouth. In 1638 
Exeter was settled. In 1641 the first settlers formed a coalition with Massachusetts, and remained connected 
with that colony until 1679. In 1719 about 100 families from the north of Ireland settlsd at Londonderry : 
They introduced the foot spinning wheel, the manufacture of linen, and the culture of potatoes. In 1776 
tliis colony led the van in forming a constitution of her own, founded on the free sufirages of the people. New- 
Hampshire is more mpuntainous than any of her sister st.ates, yet she boasts of large quantities of luxuriant inter- 
val. Her high lands produce food for cattle of peculiar sweetness; and no where can be found the necessa- 
ries, conveniences, and luxuries of life, united, in greater abundance : cattle and wool are its principal staples. 
This state may be said to be the mother of New-England rivers. The Connecticut, Merrimac, Saco, Andros- 
coggin and Piscataqua receive the most of their waters from the high lands of New-Hampshire : whilst the former 
washes the western boundary of the state nearly 170 miles, the latter pierces its centre,and at its mouth forms 
the beautiful harbour of Portsmouth, a depot of the American navy. 

These majestic rivers with their tributary streams afford this state an immense water power, of which 
manufacturers, with large capitals, avail themselves. This state sufl'ered much during the French and Indian 
wars, and did much in the cause of independence. From her cloud capped White Mountains, (the highest 
summit of which is Mount Washington, the loftiest elevation in the United States, 6635 feet above the level of 
the sea,) or her majestic Monadnock, a vast and diversified landscape can be seen. 

Bank capital, $2,103,665 This state raises annually S;90,000 for the support of common schools, and 
his a literary fund of a considerable amount derived from a tax on bank capital. 

This state is bounded north by LowerCanada, east by Maine, south east by the Atlantic ocean and Massa- 
chusetts, south by Massachusetts, and west and north west by Vermont. Situated between 42° 42' am' 45° 
14 North Lat. and 72° 27' and 70° 35' W. Lon. Portsmouth Light, Lat. 43° 4' N. Lon: 70° 46' W. 

Connecticut river rises on the border of Lower Canada, in lat 45:10 N. and meets the ocean in lat. 41: 
16- This river is beatable above Hartford 200 miles. It passes throngh a basin of about 12,000 squaw 
miles of fine alluvial land, and is spotted on each side with to^ns sndvilUgBs of auperioi b«nulj<. 



The .enUo., of this ... w. on^inMivIK^Su. n,.,,^on^^^ 

""' ^^" ^"f the?"olJn" %nX ^tSe' h ^uu" ^L ttadn-ulcd^nto the „„L until after the revo- 
government oftlicir own. ^^ '"""=". ,'":,„,. „<;isfed British ODprcssion. Bennington, its oldest town, was 

to the Connecticut on the eabt. , |^'"' ^'?f^ ''','?,;; '' Wool is hecomins an important staple in this state. 

Cattle of various k^,J«'""-'''^'^'^,'if ''r' ^f/f, 'f/i^'^.f Vermo^^^^ produce mirble of superior 

Manufactures^lourid.^0^^^^^^^^^^^ 

excellence. .The scenery ot tnis state is vj Mjjdieburv from any point of the compass, k exccedmgly 

industrious, inteUigent, hospitable. A trip to ™^™'«^';"J[;^ ^^ 1. 1^^^ northern canal 

agreeable. The trade ol this state on the west pa»ses to S'"'^/„?'.L-;,^je of this state reaches Boston 110 

""? H^dson/i^n^at on tl. ,,,„ ,,,,,,, Montreal 

This^Hte the parent of all of thf New England colonies, was first permanently settled by Eurojieans at 

This slate the P"*'"^ oi aii oi « V ^^ ^^^ independents, the persecuted subjects of 

Plymouth o"t'»^2-d of December 10^^^^^ s y ,^^ jSlassachusetts Bay colony, w4s planted 

iriiTL re'f T&o1om>rr^^^^^^^^^^ till IGSB, when both colonies were deprived of their 

repTeseSoSofTmadeby the Celebrated jihn Smith,, who visited Massachusetts bay in IGU, it has ever 

W^arl of American inip^^^ was lighted, and her arm was the strongest m the comba for its achieve- 

™ars Boston aloThase^Tpended nearly two millions of ciollars for objects of that character, exclusive of an 
annn-J exnenditure of about ©200,000 for the support ol public and private schools. 

At present Massachusetts has no school fund, but from the wisdom of her legislature no doubt can be enter- 
teinedS one wUl sZ be estabUshed from the sums lately received and sti due from the national treasury. 

Sthou'hMalsacrusetts cannot boast ofher navigable rivers, canals and railways to facihtate the comme ce 
ofhecaoftal yet Xe can boast of the .most beautiful bay on the map of the western word; of her noble 
streaSrw^terpowcr-ofher luxuriant vales, of her granite hills, of her ships, and the mato-zaZ for bmldmg 
AemT and Ther |aUant'saUors who traverse every sea, and who well understand the uses of the hook, harpooa 

'^TWs""stote is bounded north by Vermont and New-Hampshire; east by the Atlantic ocean ; south by 
RhL'^^sknd StdConn^cticut, ai^l west by New^York.. .Si'-t.d between 41°|l' and 4^;53; North Lat. 
and 73° 17 and 69° 48' W. Lon. Cape Cod Light House is in N. Lat. 42° b and W. Lon. ;0 / . 

RHODE-ISLAND. , . ^. , ., , 

The Father of this state was Roger WUliams, a man remarkable for his benevolence, justice and pacific policy. 
He was bSd from the Plymouth colony for avowing the doctrine of the^equal toleration of al reli^us 
S^tsTn thTsame political community. He purchased lands of the Indians at Moosehausic, where, .n 1636, with 
M^ fXwers he^aid out a plantation, and wluch place, in grateful acknowledgment of the kindness of 

^Tnlis wllLnrCollTrCrton and others followed Williams and settled the island of Rhode-Island. By the 
wisepolicyof-Williams towards the Indians, and his respect to aU sects of religion, this colony was rendered 

''"Tfeallesfstote in the union possesses great advantages for commerce and manufactures, and the 
ente^rize of its citizens leads them to neglect neither. There is perhaps no place in the worid where Tntons and 

^^S JZil'istllr^^edr w!f ^idraSus climate, which is thought peculiarly favorable to female 

"^Thl; state has a bank capital of upwards of G millions, and pays annually »10,000 for the maintainance of 
free schools. It is worthy of remark that this is the only state in the union which is without a wntten constitu- 
tion. Its government is'foundcd on the charter of Charles 'il in 1663. „« , w r„„„oMip„t 
Tliis slate is bounded north and east by Massachusetts, south by the Atlantic ocean, west by Connecticut. 
Situated between 41° 18' and 42° 1' N. Lat and 71° 48' and 71° 1' W. Lon. Newport is one of the best har- 
b"the wM, In Lat 41° 29' N. and Lon. 71° 18' W. Pt. Judith Light. L. 41° 34' N. Lon: 71° 37' W. 

Z 55 3 fcm Ol. pT™ih ilo„y. in is30. H,bM md W-1...«.H m» -M b, p.n... to. 

Dorchester Cambridge, and Watertown, Massachusetts, in 16oJ and lOJb. ,. , r . -r v, . 

Ti^rOulch ckSg'Uus country, as belonging to the New Netherlands, it was ^^«"|'-' "^ ^""l^^^'^;^," 
them and the English until 1650, when a treaty of aniity and partition was made. I" 1633 a party from Eng 
land planted a cofony at New-Haven, which remained unconnected w. h that on Connecticut mer ""tU l^ba 
when they were united. Blessed with a salubrious clima e and a fertile f"™'? of hill and da^«. the people 
of this state probably enjoy as much happiness as is allotted to any part ol the ''t^an fonuly. Her po^^^^^^^ 
is always full, and Jthoigh her domain is not extensive, no Atlantic state has sent so man, of her children, or 
60 large a share of intellectual wealth to the western country, as Connecticut. 

If tlie love of liberty, literature and the arts, of social feeling and moral worth has an asylum on earth, Con 
neeticutmay boast that it is to be found within her hosora. • . ■ .v „,„j„^f;„n= «f ber soil and 

Connecticut has a bank capital of about 5i mUlions of dollars, and is rich m the P'°f "/^X . raottal U her 
industry, which find their way down her lovely rivers, to her f°>^"™dious harbors ; but her te .s her 

School -Fund, which amounts to neariy 2 millions, affording mslruction to about ^O.f »f '^'"".^"^^^^^^^ 3„d 

This state is bouuded north by Massachusetts ; east by Rhode-Island ; /""th l^V Longlsland ^""nd and 
west by New-York. Situated between 40° 58' and 42° 1' N. Lat. and 72° 37' and /1° 43'W. Lon. Montanck 
Ught house, at the east end of JLong Islancfjis in Lat, 41° i' N. and Lon. 71 4J W . 



NEW- YORK. 

Henry Hudson, an Englishman, sailing in the Dutch service, discovered Long Island, the harbour 
of New- York, and the noble river tliat bears his name, in the year lti09. The Dutch built Fort Orange, at 
Albany, and commenced a settlement on Manhattan Island in 1613. The Dutch claimed all the country 
betvjeen the Connecticut and Delaware rivers and called it New-Netherlands. The English had always con- 
tested the right of the Dutch to this territory, and in 1664, Charles II. of England havinjr granted to the Duke 
ofYork and^Albany all the country between Nova Scotia and Delaware bay, the New Netherlands came into 
the possession of the English. Fort Orange was then called Albany, and Manhattan, or New- Amsterdam, 
New-York. New- York stands unrivalled by any of her sister states in the union of those things which consti- 
tute the prosperity of a people. Her central situation, her excellent climate, her fertile and extensive territory, 
her navigable rivers, her inland seas, her mighty cataracts and never failing streams ; together with the proximity 
of her chief city to the ocean, all afford her the greatest advantages in agriculture, commerce and manufactures. 
What the hand of nature has withheld from New-York, the genius of her Clintons and Fultons has supplied. 
Already more than six hundred miles of canal intersect her beautiful domain, linking river to river, and ming- 
ling the waters of the Atlantic with those of the northern and western lakes. Already nearly one hundred 
Bteara boats move through her waters with an average speed of about ten miles an hour, propelling an 
aggregate burthen which would require a power of between four and five thouisand horses. This state produces 
in CTreat abundance all the staple commodities and luxuries common to the climate, the surplus of which, and 
large quantities from other states, find an easy access to the great mart of New- York. The salt springs at 
Onondaga Lake, at the villages of Salina, Syracuse, Liverpool and Geddes, produce a large revenue to the state ; 
and the mineral waters at Ballston and Saratoga give health to many, and pleasure to all that visit them. 

The rapid increase of this state in wealth and population, the magic growth of villages and cities along the 
lines of river, lake and canal communication, and the corresponding development of political and intellectual 
power, render the history of New- York in the highest degree valuable and interesting. 

The enterprising Mr. Hugh White, from some part of New England, made the first settlement at Whilestown, 
Oneida county, 100 miles west of Albany, in 1784. At that time the country to the north and west of that 
place, even to the great lakes, was a dense forest inhabited only by savages and wild beasts. In 1830 the county 
ofOneida had a population of 71,326; bank and insurance capital $1,100,000, and 15 cotton factories employing 
968 hands, making annually S525,000 worth of goods. The Oriskany woollen factory, in this county, makes 
annually ^130,000 worth of goods. Utica, Rome and Whitesborough are the county towns. Population of 
Utica 8323, Rome 4360, Whitestown 4410. ' 

The county of Monroe, 160 miles west of Whitestown (by the canal) has a population of 49,862. 50,201 
acres of wheat were cut in this county in 1830, supposed to have averaged 20 bushels to the acre. The largest 
village in this county is Rochester, 7 miles S. of lake Ontario at the falls of C4encsee river, in the towns of 
Brighton and Gates, and was first settled in 1812. This village has now a population of 9,269. 519,725 barrels of 
flour were shipped from this place on the canal and down the lake from August 20th 1828, to December 1st 1830. 

In 1830, 1512 vessels arrived at New- York from foreign ports, of which 1366 were American, 92 British, 7 
Spanish, 12 Swedish, 2 Hamburg, 5 French, 8 Bremen, 6 Haytian, 9 Danish, 2 Brazilian, 2 Dutch, and 1 
Portuguese. The revenue of the customs, the same year, was about 13 millions of dollars. The number of 
passengers brought by the above vessels was 30,224. The number of arrivals at New- York from foreign ports 
in 1829 was 1310 — passengers, 16064. At the port of New-York, in 1830, the amount of registered tonnage of 
American vessels engaged in foreign commerce was 284,169 tons : do. engaged in the coasting trade, 39,600 
tons. Licensed vessels engaged in the coasting and river trade, 90,294 tons — and licen.sed for the fisheries 457 
tons. In 1830 there were exported from N. Y. 304,352 barrels of wheat flour, 174,182 bushels of corn, 12,099 
tierces flax seed, 23,765 barrels pot and pearl ashes, 104,940 bales of cotton, and 5,306 packages of domestic 
cotton goods. 

This state is bounded north by Lower Canada, east by Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut ; south 
by New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and west and north west by Upper Canada. Between 40° 30' and 45° 
N. Lat. and 73° 55' and 79° 50' W. Lon. Sandy Hook lighthouse, at the southern entrance of N. Y. harbour, 
is 18 mUes from the city of N. Y. and in Lat. 40° 30' N. and Lon. 73° 54' W. 

NEW-JERSEY. 

This state was first settled by the Danes, at Bergen, about the year 1624. This country was inhabited by 
the Swedes and Dutch for many years. The soil of this state is not naturally well adapted to agricul- 
tural pursuits, much of the land being either marshy or sandy ; yet its proximity to two of the largest 
markets in the United States, and the industry of its inhabitants have rendered it exceedingly productive of all 
sorts of fruits and vegetables common to the climate, together with grain and meats of various kinds. This state 
has many rivers navigable for small vessels. The beautiful fall of 70 feet perpendicular on the Passaic river at 
Paferson, 18 miles N. W. from New- York, and 15 miles N. of Newark, is finely adapted, and well biproved fol 
manufacturing purposes. 

Amboy, inLat. 40°31'N.and VV. Lon. 74° 11', at the mouth of the Raritan river, 23 miles from New- York ; 
land-locked by Staten Island, and approachable from the sea by almost any wind, has one of the best harbours on 
the continent. This state has abundant mineral resources, particularly iron of an excellent quality. 

This state has a bank capital of upwards of 5 millions; and in 1829 a school fund of about $2-16,000. From 
the school fund, and a tax on the bank capital, a liberal appropriation is made for common schools in this state. 

This state is bounded north by New-Y^ork ; east by the Atlantic ocean and New-York; south by Delaware 
bay ; and west by Pennsylvania. Situated between 38° 57' and 41° 22' north Lat. and 75° 25' and 73° 52 
W. Lon. C. May, opposite C. Henlopen, Del. L. 38° 56' N. Lon: 74°37' W. 

. PENNSYLVANIA. 

William Penn, the founder of this powerful state, was the son ot Sir William Penn, an admiral in the 
British navy. He united himself with the society of Friends, then a persecuted sect in England. For services 
rendered by his father, king Charles the second, in 1681, gave him a tract of land in the western world, and 
called it Pennsylvania. Penn, with about 2000 followers landed at New Castle, on the Delaware, in 1682. 
and proceeding up the river, planned Philadelphia, "the city of brotherly love," and erected about 80 buildings 
in the same year. The piety, philanthropy, and wisdom of its founder, the fertility of its soil, the healthiness 
of its climate, the pacific disposition of the natives, and the lessons of experience derived by the settlement of 
other colonies in earlier days and under more rigorous skies, all conspired to render this colony the most pros- 
perous of any of which history gives an account. Penn died in 1718 aged 74 years. 

The resources of this state are immense ; and the character of the people is well calculated to give them a 
proper direction. The beautiful Delaware, and other navigable waters of Pennsylvania, its canals and fine 
roads furnish Philadelphia with a great amount of domestic exports, and render it one of the most important marls 
of foreign and domestic commerco in the United States. 

Pennsylvania is the greatest. manufacturing state in the union, and Philadelphia takes the like rank among 
our manufacturing cities. This state yields to no other in the v.iiicty and extent of its mineral treasures, par- 
ticularly in its exhaustless mines of anthracite and bituminous coal. It would also be unjust to omit honourable 
mention of the extensive and costly system of canals and railways, which are either completed or in progress, 
under the patronage of the state, for which, and other internal improvements 15 million of dollars are already 
expended or appropriated. The Bank capital of this state is $12,815, 334. Harrisburg, its capital to%vn is 98 
miles W. N. W. of Philadelphia. ^ 

This state is bounded north by New-York ; east by New Jersey ; south east by Delaware ; south hy 
Maryland and Virginia ; and west by Virginia and Ohio. Situated between 39° 43' and^2° 12' N. Lat. and 
72° 35' and 80° 26' W. Lon, Cape Henlopen, at the south entrance of Delawar« bav, is in Lat. 38° 55' N 
and Lon. 75° W. ' 



DELAWARE. „ , , ^ 

The first Enropcans that settled this state were a party of Swedes and Finns, who, under ttie patronage of 
Gustavus Adolphus landed at Cape Henlopen in 16'27. They purchased lands of the Indians on both sides of 
the river Delaware, and settled themselves at Lewistown, and at the mouth of Christiana Creek, near Wilmingtoa, 
In 1655 the Dutch took possession of this country, and retained it until the New-Netherlands were subjuga- 
ted by the English in 1664. This country was formerly called the " Territories" and afterwards the " three 
Lower Counties on Delaware" and for many years was under the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania. 

The name of this slate, of tlie bay and river, is derived from Lord De la War, one of the first settlers of 
Virtrinia. This stale is generally low and level, is chictiy agricultural, and produces all the staples and luxu- 
ries'cominon toils climate, particularly wheat, of which large quanlilies are floured and exported. The people 
of this state have always been as celebrated for their patriotism as the " Delaware regiment" was for its 

An "important work has lately been completed, the Chesapeake and Delaware canal, which crosses the 
northern part of the state, and unites the two great bays by sloop navigation. 

This state has a school fund of S170.000. No district is entitled to any share of this fund, that will not raise, 
by taxation, a sum equnl to its share of the income of the fund. Bank capital $1,050,000. 

This state is bounded north by Pennsylvania ; east by Delaware river, Delaware bay, and the Atlantic 
ocean ; and south and west by 'Maryland. Situated between 38° 29' and 39° SC N. Lat. and 74° 56' and 
75°40'W.Lon. 

MARYLAND. 

About 200 Roman Catholics from England, under a grant Irom Charles the first to Lord Baltimore, were 
the first white settlers in this state. They arrived at the mouth of the Potomac in February, 1634, and purchased of 
the Indians a large village where St. Mary's now stands : Lord Baltimore died in 1676, much honoured and beloved. 

This colony was an asylum for the persecuted of religious sects from all parts of the world i which circum- 
stance, with'the hospitahty of the natives, the fruitfulncss of its soil, and the mildness of its cUmate, tended 
greatly to its early growth and prosperity. This state is well watered by many rivers emptying into its spacious 
Chesapeake bay, affording many facilities for the navigation of large and small craft. The soil of this state is 
adapted lo the growth of all sorts'of grain, and other commodities suited to its latitude. Its exports of flour and 
other bread stuffs are immense ; tobacco is also a staple article. 

The genuine white wheat, and the bright kites foot tobacco, are said to be peculiar to Maryland. _ 
Its beautiful capital city, Baltimore, is now an important mart of trade ; and when her splendid internal im- 
provements are completed, will be one of the most favourable positions for foreign and domestic commerce in the 
U. S. Cape Henry, the S. point of entrance into the Chesapeake bay is in N. Lat. 36° 58' and W. Lon. 75° 55'. 

The capital of this state is Annapolis, 30 miles S. of Baltimore. Bank capital about lOJ millions. The 
school fund is derived from $75,000 paid by the U. S. for advances made by Maryland during the late war, 
and by a tax of 20 cents on every SlOO bank capital. 

This state is bounded north by Pennsylvania ; east by Delaware, and the Atlantic ocean ; south ajid west 
by Virginia. Situated between 38° and 39° 43' North Lat. and 75° 15' and 79° 25'wcst Lon. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

In the year 1790 the states of Maryland and Virginia ceded to the U. S. the territory of this district for t'he 
purposes of a national capital ; and in 1600 it became the seat of the general government of the United States. 

This district is delightfully situated on both sides of the Potomac. The land is finely elevated, rather 
Sterile, but pleasantly di\ersified by hill and dale. The climate is esteemed very healthy. The mean tempera, 
lure is about 55° ofFahrrnlieit. The city ,-f Washington is not only the capital of the nation but also of the 
district. It is under the immediate government of congress. Georgetown and Alexandria are within its limits. 

The capital is in Lat. 38° 52' 45'' N. and 76° 55' 30" W. Lon. "from Greenwich. The Capitol in Wash- 
ington is a massive building of the Corinthian order, of free-stone, about 350 feet in front, which, with the presi- 
dent's house, and olhces for the several departments, is in a style suited to the convenience and dignity of theur 
objects. 

The English made an inroad upon this district and either destroyed or much damaged the public buildings at 
Washington on the 24th of August 1814. The trade of this district is considerable ; but it will doubtless bs 
much augmented when the canal from Washington to the Clhio is completed. 

The Congress of the United States meets at SVashington on the first Monday of December annually, unlesa 
it is otherwise provided by law. 

VIRGINIA. 

Three ships with one hundred and live persons, under the command of Christopher Newport, in the service of 
the London Company, having on board Captain GosnaM and other men of standing, arrived from England at 
the mouth of the Chesapeake bay on the 26tli of April, 1607. On the 13th of May tbilovving they landed and 
settled at Jamestown, on James river. The object of these adventurers was partly curiosity to see a new race 
of beings; but chiefly to acquire wealth by finding silver and gold, with which this country was supposed to 
abound. Among these adventurers was John Smith, a man of great boldness of character, and one who had 
been well schooled in the knowledge of human nature both by travelling and adversity. 

North America was then a wilderness, inhabitcil only by a race of men who had no written language, and no 
tradition whereby their origin ran be known. They lived in tribes, scattered over the country, each governed by 
a chief, or king. They subsisted by hunting and fishing, and by cultivating small quantities of Indian corn. 
They were darker in color than the Spaniard, but not so black as the negro. 

They were unacquainted with the arts, and even with the use of metals. Their weapons of war were a bow 
and arrows, a stone liatchet, or tomahawk, and a club. They were brave, and susceptible of all the best and 
worst feelings common to humanity. The colonists at first suffered exceedingly from their own improvidence, 
and the conduct of the natives towards them. Were it not for the extraordinary exertions and enterprize of 
Smith, and the kindness of Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, a powerful Indian king, this embryo of a 
Herculean nation would have perished. About the year 1613, Pocahontas married Mr. Ilolfe, a respectable 
Virginia planter. They went to England, and alter receiving from the king and queen the honors due to her 
rank, and their acknowledgments for her valuable and disinterested services, she died, leaving one ebild. The 
virtues and graces of this annable woman will alw,ays live in American story ; among the best sons of Virginia 
are those who count with pride the drops of her blood circulating in their veins. In 1620 and 1621 one hundred 
and fifty young women were sent from England and sold to the planters as wives, at prices varying from 100 
to 150 pounds of tobacco, then worth three shillings the pound. Aboutthis time twenty negroes were landed 
from a Dutch vessel and sold for slaves ! 

In 1688 the population of Virginia was about 60,000. The face of this country is much diversified. The 
part towards the sea is low and level : some of it is marshy : to the west it rises by degrees and becomes moun- 
tainous. The soil is quite productive, and large exporUs are made from this state of flour, corn and tobacco. 

This state is intersected by many beautiful navigable rivers, of which the Potomac, Shenandoah, James and 
Rappahannoc are the most considerable. Virginia, often called the "Ancient Dominion," is celebrated for her 
mines and minerals ; for her curious caves, springs, and natural bridges ; for the urbanity and intelligence of her 
citizens ; for her seconding the movements for American Independence ; and, above all, for her being the mother 
of the Father of his country. 

This slate is bounded north by Pennsylvania and JIaryland, north cast by ^Maryland ; east by the Atlantic 
ocean ; south by North Carolina and Tennessee ; and west by Kentucky and Ohio. Situated between 36' 
33' and 40° 39' N. Lat. and 75° 35' and 83° 29' W. Lon. 

. This state has a bank capital of S5,607,000, and a Literary Fund of $1,233,523. $4.5,000 of this fund is 
•nnually appropriated to the education of the poor. This state has also a fund devoted to internal imrrovement* 
of $2,100,591. The whole caoitaLemployed within thi» itate, in internal improvomentf, ii «bout 3i million*. 



XORTH CAROLINA. ^ ,^,^ , „ ^ 

About the year 1G45, a nnniher of Virginians took possession of tho country north of Alt»m»rle Bound. 
They appear to have lived without mucli reward to law. [ii 166\ a scttk-ment was made near the Clarendon 
river by adventurers from Massachusetts, wliicli was abandoned l>y them in 1063, and their place was soon after 
supplied by emigrants from Barbadoes. North and South Carolina were included in one grant from Charles 
tJie 1st in 1630° under the name of Carolina. , , . , . u .t. 

About 1675, two governments were established in Carolina under their present names, yet both were 
..ndcr the direction ol the same proprietors until 1729. Tlus country is low, level, and exceedingly marshy for 
50 or SO miles from the sea, it then becomes mountainous. . , ht t. j. 

This state produces cotton, rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, line oak and pitch pine timber. JVluch tar and turpen- 
tine are made in tliis state. Many of its rivers are navigable for a considerable distance, for such vessels as can 
pass the bars at their mouths. . .„ . ■ ^ . ... 

It is the mi.-;fortune of North Carolina that she has no good harbors. A stdl greater misairtune is the 
unhealthiness of her seaboard generally. The hilly and mountainous tracts, however, enjoy a salubrious climate. 
There is an uncommon variety of climate and productions within the limits ot this state. (joUl has ol late 
years been Ibund in large quantities, and it is now believed that North Carolina is the centre ol the great gold 

"^"ByYreport of the dtrectors of the mint to Congress for 1831, it is stated that there was received from 
N Carolina ,15294,000 worth of gold; from Virginia, !g2b,000 ; and from Georgia, $1/6,000. Alabama 
and Tennessee furnished gold bullion to the amount of about $2,000 ; " indicating, (as the report remarks,) 
the progressive development of the gold region." This section of country is naturally divided into three 
zones, presenting yery distinct and appropriate features. The first is near the sea, and quite unhealthy. 
The second is the sand hill tract, interspersed with some valuable river alluvial land. The third is the 
hilly and mountainous tract, which is tho most extensive and lertile portion. The la.ter and middla 
tracts are as favorable to health as any section of our country as low as forty degrees north. 

Capes Hatteras, Fear, and Look Out are on this coast. Hatteras is m Lat. 3o° 15 N. and Lon. 15° 30 W. 
Much ofthe trade ofthis state passes to South Carolina and Virffinia. ,^„.„,, t,t. ,,-^ . w , 

This state has a bank capital of S3,700,000, and a common school fund of $70,000. The " Great Dismal 
Swamp" in this state, covering about 140,000 acres, extends from Albemarle, to Pamlico Sound. A canal 
of 22J iniles long, 38 feet wide and 5J feet deep passing through this swamp is m operation and greatly faciU- 
tates the trade of the state. ... , t o .. /-. v i 

This state is bounded north by Virginia : east by the Atlantic ocean, south by bouth Carolina, ancJ 
west by Tennessee. Situated between 33" 53' and 36° 33' North Lat. and 75° 45' and 84° W. Lon. 

SOUTH CAMOLiiWA. 

The territory of this state and North Carolina was i:i the same grant from King Charles 1. in 1630. In 1670 
the governor of Carolina planted a settlement at Port Poyal, or Beaufort. The Dutch, French and English, 
all from different motives, made settlements in South Carolina. This country, for more than 101) miles trom 
the sea, is low, abounding with swamps and marshes. About 150 miles west of Charleston is the ridge, a tract 
of hio-h land, bej'ond wliich the country becomes much elevated. 

This state has many beatable rivers, wliicli, with its safe and convenient navigation among a great number of 
fertile sea islands, makes Charleston a city of much commercial importance. The soil of this state is various, 
producing cotton, rice, indigo, tobacco, wheat, corn, fine timber, a great variety of fruits, medicinal plants and 

dyestuffs. . .... ,. •, i. i 

South Carolina is eminently an agricultural state : in each of its various divisions of soil, peculiar plants can 
be reared in abundance. The" climate has the heat of the tropics, and the changeableness of more northern skies. 
This state is noted for its patriotism during the struggle for independence, and for the hospitality of its inhabitants. 

The character of the people of this state is perhaps more deOnitely formed than that of any part of the U. S. 
Warm, generous and brave, they are also passionate and indolent. «,, „„^ , 

Bank capital $6,031,833. An annual appropriation is made by the legislature of about 340,000 for the support 
of free-schools. Charleston Light. L. 32° 44' N. Lon: 79° 40' Vi^. , ., . , . 

This state is bounded north and north east by North Carolina ; south east by the AtlanUc ocean ; and south 
west by Georgia. Situated between 32° and 35° 10' North Lat. and 78° 30' and 83° 10' West Lon. 

GEOHGIA. 

In 1732, some benevolent gentlemen in England concerted a project for planting a colony in the southern 
part of the territory included in the Carolina charter, for the purpose of transporting thither the indigent sub- 
jects of Great Britain, and the persecuted protestants of all nations. General James Oglethorpe was a great 
promoter of this philanthropic scheme. In 1773, a number of emigrants arrived and settled at Yamacraw 
bluli; or Savannah. By the liberality of the proprietors in extending their patronage alike to all classes of 
emigrants, as early as n40 the number of settlers was 2498. , -u r^ ,■ 

The Alleghany and Apalachian mountains terminate in this State. They extend north through the Carolinas, 
Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, to the Cattskill in New- York. 

Itisthoucrht that the diversity of soil is greater in Georgia than in any other single state in the union. 
About one half is flat, alluvial land, the residue hilly or mountainous, and abundantly fertile. Many valuable 
tropical productions can be cultivated in this state. Oranges, olives, tigs, and other articles, which are stran- 
gers at the north, are easily raised. The flat land is, however, like that of Carolina, quite unhealthy. This 
state is bounded north by Tennessee ; north east by South-CaroUtia ; south east by the Atlantic occaii ; south 
by Florida, and west by Alabama. Savannah and Augusta are its chief marts of trade. Cotton and tobacco 
are its staple articles. , , „ , . /. , ■ , 

This state has a bank capital of SC,883,349, and considerable funds for the support of academies and 

common schools. ,...,. v <-i i • 

Two considerable tribes of Indians reside partly within the chartered limits of this state, the Lhcrokees ancl 
Creeks. The Cherokees have made more rapid advances in the arts of civilized life than any other tribe of 
N. American Indians. In 1337 the population of this tribe was 13,563. They owned 1,277 slaves. Their 
increase for 6 years was 3,563. In 1801 the Mission at Spring Place was estabUshed ; since which time many 
others have been brouo-ht into successful operation. 

In 1827, 500 native children attended the missionary schools, all learning the English language. 
Situated between 30° 19' and 35° North Lat. and 80° 47' and 85° 42' West Lon. 

ALABAMA. , , „ ,,, . 

This state is hounded north by Tennessee; east by Georgia; south by Florida and the gulf of Mexico; 
and west by Mississippi. Between Lat. 30° 12' and 3.->° N. The face of this state is much diversified, and 
its soil dificrs in quality from the best to the worst. That part of the state that lies along the gulf of Mexico 
is low, marshy and sandy, and is unhealthy : about 10 miles from the coast the country becomes more ele- 
vated and more healtliy,'but less productive. As in this section of country generally, the land decreases in 
value on receding from the rivers. Tlus state abounds in rivers, some of wliich are beatable for a great 
distance. The mo°st important of these are the Tombigbce, Alabama and Tennessee. The latter passes through 
the northern section of the state ; and the two former, after meandering through nearly the whole extent ot the 
state, fall into Mobile bay, near the town of Mobile. . . , .,i , i, . ' 

All parts of this- state are productive of maize ; and small gram is raised m its hilly and northern parts. 
Cotton IS the chief staple. A great variety of fruits arc casil^y cultivated here, such as the apple, pear, peach and 
plum ; and even the tig and pomegranate in the lowest latitudes. 

Mobile, in N. Lat. 30° 40' and W. Lon. 88° 1 1', is the mart of trade of this state. It is a place of increasing 
importance, but its growth is impeded by the sand bars at the mouth of its harbor. . , - 

The capital of this state is Tuscaloosa, 226 miles E, of N. from Mobile. This state has a bank capital of 
upwards of a milhon, and a large fund for internal improvements. Congress has been liberal to Alabama w 
granting to Uer great resources for the advan-ement of cdurntion. 



MISSISSIPPI. 

This state takes its name from the great river v/hich forms the chief part of its western boundary. It< 
•oil is various. Two-thirJa of the state are supposed to be covered w ith pine forest, and only about t 
part is either bluff, or river alluvial ; this portion of the soil is however of remarkable fertility. It is chiefly 
confined to the west and south west parts of the state, and these accordingly contain a large share of tho 
vphite inhabitants, leaving the northeastern part to the almost exclusive possession of the Indians. There 
is a sea coast of about 80 miles, but not a single harbor, so that New Orleans is the mart of the state. This 
state has a large range of Latitude, and its climate is quite variable ; (he thermometer at Natchez has 
stood as low as 1*3 above zero of Fahrenheit. The seasons are however generally mild and warm. Cotton is 
the great staple ; the fig abounds south of 3-^, but the orange is not entirely safe from occasional frost. The 
natural and exotic productions of the soil are innumerable. Among the animals, the alligator may be mentionej 
a.= being often found in the streams. Mississippi was formerly a p:irt of Georgia. Perhaps no 
place will be more appropriate than this for a brief description of tlie basin of tlie Mississippi. This immense 
territory is believed to comprise an extent of more than 1, '200,000 square miles, the whole of which is drained 
by the Mississippi and its confluents, and the united mass poured through the delta of Louisiana into the 
gulf of Mexico. The greatest length of the Missouri, from its remotest source, to the gulf of Mexico, is esti- 
mated at 4,500 miles ; that of the Mississippi proper at 2,700. The whole basin may be divided into 4 great 
valleys ; those of the Ohio, the Upper Mississippi, the Missouri, and the Lower Mississippi. The Ohio valley 
IS a vast inclined plane, into which the chief river and its tributaries have worn deep channels. Two very 
remarkable facts should be noticed. The one is that all that part of this tract above Pittsburg, is at least 200 
feet above lake Erie, and if a channel should be formed from that place to the lake, the gentle waters of the 
Ohio would leave their present bed, and rush in a torrent to swell the St. Lawrence. The other fact is that 
the waters of this valley do not flow in the bottom of the real slope of the inclined plane ; that bottom is indica- 
ted by the course of the Illinois river. This great valley has a broken, and in the south east a mountainous 
surface j generally it has a temperate climate, and a richly fertile soil. Its staples are wheat, and the other 
cereal gramina. The Upper Mississippi tJaZ/cj/ is widely diflerent from the preceding. The climate is colder ; 
and here we enter upon those boundless prairies, which produce not a single tree, and are in genera! suitable 
only for the pasture of cattle. Vast tracts around the head waters of the Mississippi are only a marshy plain. 
The waters have a sluggish descent, and the region is of course imperfectly drained. This valley has little to 
invite settlers in comparison with the beautiful countries of the Ohio, and fonns a gradual approach to the next 
subdivision of the Mississippi basin. The Missouri valley is by far the most extensive of the four valleys, 
containing nearly one half the surface of the whole basin. Here may be observed the muddy nature of the 
water, and another curious fact, that all the great tributaries of the Missouri flow from its right bank, and only 
unimportant streams from the left. But the chief circumstance which deserves to be mentioned of this valley 
Is, that with the exception of narrow tracts along the margins of the rivers, the whole of this vast territory is 
one boundless prairie. In summer it is described as an arid waste, and in winter the bleak winds from the 
north sweep over it without obstruction. It is however represented to be abundantly stored with valuable 
mineral productions, as coal, iron, &c. The ralley of the lower Mississippi is the last of these great valleys, 
and is perhaps, of all parts of the U. S. the most diversified in surface, climate, soil and productions. On the 
margin of the rivers is some of the richest land in the world; then follow impenetrable swamps and morasses; 
farther on, a beautiful undulating, and wooded territory, while over other tracts those interminable prairies extend, 
which seem only intended for the dwelling of the buffalo and the deer. In these last much resemblance is 
found with the steppes of the interior of Asia : among other things, the fact that some of ihe rivr;rs as the Arkan- 
saw. Red, &c. are made brackish by the extensive beds of salt over which they roll. Natchez, the principal 
commercial mart of this state, is situated on elevated ground on the left bank of the Mississippi, in N. Lat. 
31°33'andW Lon. 9r-'2a'. 

The only bank in this state is at Natchez. Its capital is $1,000,000 and has, with its branches, exclusive banking 
privileges until 1840. Its dividends, for several years past, have averaged nearly 13 percent per annum. This 
state has a literary fund of about $30,000, but no part of it is available till it shall amount to $50,000. Asyet 
no system of primary schools has been adopted in this state. 

The Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes of Indians own more than half of the territory of this state. 

This state is bounded N. by Tennessee; E. by Alabama; S. by the gulf of Mexico and Louisiana; W. by 
Louisiana and the Arkansas territory. Between Lat. 30= 10' and 35° N. and Lon. 88° 10' and 91° 35' W. 

LOUISIANA. 

There isperhaps no portion of the world, of ttie extent of Louisiana, which has so great a variety of soils, or 
80 many water courses within its territory. This state has about six million acres of alluvial land of superior 
excellence ; the residue of her soil, about 24 million acres, consisting of pine forests, prairie, river inundated 
land, and sea marsh, is, for the most part, unfit for agricultural purposes. 

There is but little land of a medium quality in Louisiana : it is generally either extremely fertile, or 
entirely worthless; and from the vast proportion of the soil which can never be used for agricultural pur- 
poses, it can never be expected that this state should support a population equally dense with those of the 
northern states. It is observable tliat the settlements in Louisiana are not in spots, or groups, but in lines or 
strips, along the margins of the rivers. Extremes of manners prevail as well as of soils ; from the highest degree 
of luxury and refinement in the rich planters near New Orleans, to the semi barbarism of the wild bunteis of 
the buffalo and the deer, upon the boundless prairies of the south west. Throughout the state there is nearly an 
equal mixture of the French and American population, but the latter is fast gaining ground. Louisiana has 
eet her sister states the example of leaving the English law, and forming for herself a valuable code, modelled 
upon the civil law. 

The Mississippi river passes the whole length of this state, and on its left bank, about 105 miles from the sea, 
stands New Orleans, the great store house of a large portion of the productions ot this interesting section of the 
western world. New Orleans was first settled by the French, about the year 1717. It is 304 miles, by water, 
below Natchez, 1148 below St. Louis, 977 below the mouth of the Ohio, USD below Cincinnati, and 1929 miles 
below Pittsburg. 

From the mouth of Red river to Natchitoches, Lou. is 186 miles ; from the mouth of the Tennessee, to 
Florence, Al. 300 ; and from the mouth of the Cumberland to Nashville, is 203 miles. Chillicothe, Ohio, 
is 45, and Columbus 90 miles, on the Scioto river, from Portsmouth on the Ohio. From St. Louis to the 
head of the Mississippi is 1618, and from that place to the supposed source of the Missouri, is 3,235 miles. 
Although the climate, at the outlet to the ocean, of the almost boundless waters which unite at New. 
Orleans, is exceedingly unfavorable to health in summer months — and the efforts to attract the trade of 
this immense region to the east and north, by canals and rail roads, through a country affording unequalled 
facilities for projects of that nature, are great and untiring ; still New. Orleans must remain one of the 
first marts of commerce in the world. The amount of domestic produce and manufactures exported from 
New.Orleans in the year 1818, was ^16,771, 711. 

The freight of goods up the Mississippi and Ohio from New Orleans varies according to the state of the waters. 
When the rivers are most favorable, 50 cents per cwt. is the usual price to St. Louis and Cincinnati. Insurance 
from New Orleans to those places, about IJ per cent. 

This state comprises the southern part of a large tract of country purchased by the U. S. of France in 1£03. 
The river Missia.^ippi was discovered by two French Missionaries in 1673. The country was afterwards explored, 
and, in honour of Louis the XIV. was called Louisiana. 

This state has a hank capital of about $9,000,000. The capital invested in the cultivation of the sugar cane 
is supposed to amount to 30 millions of dollars. 50,000 hogsheads of sugar are considered an average crop, and 
5 per. cent, is considered an average profit. The number of steam boats actually running on the Mississippi 
and itstiibutary streans in 1830 was 213. The first steam boat on these waters commenced running in 1812. 
By legislative euactment nearly S40,000 are annually appropriated to the education of the poor. 

This state is bounded N. by trie Arkansas territory ; E. by Mississippi ; S. by the gulf of Mexico, and W by 
th« Mexican states- Between Lat. 29° and 33" N. and Lou. 89° and 94° W. 



This state was first settled by the v\hites in 1765, and was ibrinorlv a part of Nortli Carolina and ceded by 
that slate to tlie United States in 1789. In consequence of a part oi^ this state being very low, and a part of 
It very high land, the soil and climate are more various than in any other portion of the United Stales whose 
difference of latitude is only 1° 40'. The soil of this state is generally very luxuriant, and produces large crops 
of cotton, wheat, rice, and tobacco. 

I'here are probably few tracts of country in the U. S. more finely watered than Tennessee : it is completely 
veined by navigable rivers. Being remote 'from the sea, it is not exposed to sudden changes in temperature; 
the winters are quite mild, so that it has been observed that the season of vegetation lasts at least three months 
longer here than in Maine or New Hanijishire. The Indians who still reside here are among the best speci- 
mens of the sons of the forest; so much have industry and civilization improved their manners. 

Its chief rivers are the Mississippi, which washes its western borders ; and the Teimessee and Cumberland, 
■which rise in or near the Cimibcrland mountains, and after meandering through a large tract of country fall into 
the Ohio, a few miles above the junction of that river with the Mississippi. 

Its trade is down the Mississijipi to New Orleans. Nashville is a considerable place of trade, 430 miles N. E. 
of Natchez, and 480 miles N. N. E. of New Orleans, by the Jackson road. 

Bounded north by Kentucky ; cast by North Carolina ; south by Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi ; and 
west by Mississippi river. Between 35" and 30° 40' North Lat. and 81° 45' and 90" 3' West Lon. 

KENTUCKY. 

This state is bounded north by Ohio and Indiana ; cast by Virginia ; south by Tennessee ; west by lUinois 
and Missouri : between 36° 30' and 39° 10' North Lat. and 81° 45' and 89° "West Lon. This territory 
was a part of Virginia until I79"3| when it became a state. The climate is very fine, and the soil superior for 
agricultural purposes. 

The lirst white settlers removed to Kentucky in 1775, and its growth has been ever since exceedingly rapid. 
The external appearance of things is so inviting, that it has been called the " garden of the west." It is richly 
wooded, and has an inunense variety of flowering plants and shrubs. Nor is this beauty deceptive, for a large 
part of the state is covered with a deep strong soil. Nearly the whole country rests on a lime stone foundation, 
into which the rivers have worn deep channels, of course leaving the banks bold and precipitous. In the summer, 
there is in many parts, great difficulty in procuring fresh water. Till steam boats navigated the Mississippi, 
almost all the salt used in these regions was obtained from salt springs, or Ucks, so called, because the buffaloes 
and other wild animals used to come to these springs and lick up the earth around that was saturated with salt. 

Its staples are wheat, corn, cattle, hemp andsalt. Its commercial outlet is by the river Ohio, which washes the 
whole of its north-western boundary. The Kentucky, Sandy, Licking and Cumberland, are its principal 
rivers. They take their rise in the Cumberland mountains, and fall into the Ohio river. 

Louisville, in Lat. 38" 3' N. and Lon. 85° 30' W. above the rapids of the Ohio, 132 miles below Cincinnati 
and Lexington, 76 miles E. of Louisville, are the principal inland marts of the commerce of this state. A canal 
passes around the falls of the Ohio at Louisville. Louisville is one of the most xiromising towns in the western 
countrv. 

OHIO. 

This state was fonncrly a part of the north western territorj'. It is bounded S. E. by the Ohio river, or 
Virginia; south by Ohio river, or Kentucky; west by Indiana; north by Michigan territory and Lake Erie, 
and E. by N. by Pennsylvania. Situated between 38° 30' and 42° N. Lat. and 80° 20' and 84° 43' W. Lon. 

The first permanent settlement of the whites in this state was commenced in 1788, at Marietta, near the 
junction of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers in Lat. 39° 25' N. and Lon 81° 18' W. 172 miles below Pittsburg. 

The waters of the Ohio and its tributary streams, with those of Lake Erie aflbrd this state peculiar privileges. 
The best proof that can be given of the exuberance of its soil and the industry and enterprize of its people is 
t.o state the fact, unprecedented in the sett lenient of anv country, that in 1783 this territory was inhabited only by 
savages ; and tliat in 1830 it had a population of nearly a million, enjoying alt the comforts and luxuries o( 
civilized life in profusion, without a slave to teach them the blessings of liberty; and with minds and means to 
fister good schools, the bane of slavery. 

This state is eminently agricultural, and has many and various staples ; wheat, however, is the principal. 
Some ancient fortilications have been found in this state, and other traces of a people far exceeding in civiliza- 
tion any of the present tribes of N. American Indians. This state has a school fund of $150,000; and one 
mill on a dollar of the estimated property of the state is annually levied and appropriated to the maintenance of 
common schools. One tliirty sixth part of the land in this, and other new states in the west, is devoted to purpo- 
ees of education. 

The trade of this, with the Atlantic states is very considerable ; and is carried on by the rivers Ohio and 
Mississippi to New Orleans ; and by lake, canal and river navigation to New York. Cincinnati, in Lat. 
39° 6' N. and Lon. 84° 22' W. was first settled in 1789, and has become one of the most important inland 
dejiots of commerce in the world. From 15th February, 1830, to February 15, 1831, there were 1277 vessels 
arrived at Cincinnati, and 1263 departed from thence. When the Baltimore and Ohio rail way and canal are 
finished much of the trade of this state will go to Baltimore. 

Yet, notwithstanding the powerful spirit of enterprise, and the vast sums expended and appropriated 
by the stales of Pennsylvania and IMaryland to divert the trade of this and other western states to their 
respective capitals, and the increasing facilities for the navigation of the Ohio and Mississippi to New- 
Orleans; still, the peculiarly favorable position of the city of New-York, together with the gigantic 
schemes of internal improvement, formed by the state of New York and the western states, aided by 
unparalleled natural advantages, — must give to the *' commercial emporium" the largest share of the com- 
merce of this rich and rapidly increasing part of our country. By a report of the Auditor of this state, for 
1830, the amount of taxable property was ^64.580.655. Among the items of taxes for 1830, $226,716 
are for state and canal, and ^224.267 for county and school. Total tax for 1830, $559,074. Bank 
capital, $1,600,000. 

INDIANA. 

This state was formerly a part of the north western territory. It was erected into a territorial government in 1800. 
it is bounded north and north v^'est by Michigan territory and lake ; east by Ohio ; south by Kentucky, or the 
Ohio river ; and west by Illinois. It lies between 37° 47' and 41° 46' north Lat. and 84° 43 and 87° 55' west 
Lon. The face of this country is more level than that of Uliio : Its productions are much the same, although 
there is not so large a proportion of good land. 

Yet there are parts of this state not exceeded in fertility by any country; the vegetable soil has in many 
places measured 22 feet in depth. The most striking feature in the geography of Indiana is the Prairies, oi 
natural meadows, which extend over a large portion of the state. They are destitute of trees, ami covered with 
grass and wild flowers, of 6 or 8 feet high. These prairies cover a vast extent of country north west of the Ohio, 
and also on the west of the Mississippi. They afford pasturage to countless herds of buflaloes, deer, and various 
other wild animals. 

Itij principal river is the Wabash which is beatable for 340 miles. This river approaches within nine miles 
of the navigable waters of Lake Erie : It falls into the Ohio 128 miles above the junction of that river with the 
Mississippi, or 1103 miles from New Orleans. A canal is in progress between the Wabash and the Maumee, 
which falls into Lake Erie; which, when accomplished, will aflbrd Indiana a safe and easy intercourse with 
New York. 

Vincennes and Indianapolis are flourishing towns ; the former is on the Wnbash ; in N. Lat. 39° 47' and 
W. Lon. 85° 58'. The course of the trade of this state is at present down the Clhio and Mississippi to New 
Orleans ; one thjrly sixth pnrt of the public lands in this state arc appropriated lot the support of schools. 



There is no section of our country of equal extent whose soil anJ climate are so well adaptej to all kinds 
of ag^ricultural purposes, or whose water communications with the ocean are iriore numerous and important 
than those of Illinois. The face of this country is generally cither prairie, or rolling, rather than hilly land ; it 
is mostly level in its eastern section. There is but little if any waste knd in this state ; and at this period there 
are large portions cf its territory, of superior soil and climate, densely covered with forest timber, for sale at pricei 
well worthy the attention of the settler or speculator. Illinois river, which traverses the whole of the centre of 
this state, and falls into the Mississippi 36 miles above St. Louis, 1184 above New Orleans, is a subject of curi- 
osity, in as much as it is the natural link between the almost boundless waters of the Mississippi basin, and 
those of the western lakes. The distance from the mouth of the Ilhnois to Chicago, on Micliigan lake, i.i 
upwards of 400 miles, yet the fall from a summit level on that river, both to the Mississippi and to lake Michigan 
does not exceed 60 feet. Loaded boats of considerable size pass on that river, to and from those distant waters, 
io the season of freshets, without any etTort of art to facilitate the navigation. 

But few sections of the globe can compare with this state in its natural water communications and in tho 
choice of markets which those communications afford. A safe, expeditious, and probably as cheap a method 
as a traveller from the eastern and northern sections of the U. S. can adopt to reach Vandalia, the capital of 
Illinois, with or without heavy baggage, is to take the Erie canal at Albany to Buli'alo, 363 miles ; thence to the 
mouth of the Maumee river in Ohio, at the S.W. extremity of that lake, about 250 miles ; thence up the Maumee 
80 miles to a portage of 5 miles to the Wabash ; then down the Wabash about 210 miles to Palestine, 
Illinois, and from thence to VandaKa about 80 miles by land. Whole distance from Albany to Vandalia 1018 
miles. Passage from Albany to Buffalo by canal boats, $5 ; from Buffalo to Sandusky bay, or Detroit, by sloop 
navigation about $3. Freight from New York to Albany, 144 miles, ^2 20, from' AlbaBV to BuHalo ©20, 
and from Buffalo to Sandusky, or Detroit, $5 60 per ton. ' Freight dovn to Albany about 50 per cent. less. 
Transportation on the interior rivers about the same as on the canal, and land carriage rather less than in New 
England. When the Mi;imi canal is finished, from the Maumee to Cincinnati, a good passage may be obtained 
that way ; but the distance, if not the expense, will be much increased. 

When it is considered that the insurance by river, canal and lake navigation is very trifling, and the passage 
for eight months in the year, certain ; whilst the insurance to and up the Mississippi is very considerable, and 
the passage circuitous, slow and uncertain ; the northern route to and from this region is decidedly preferable. 

The reflection has been naturally suggested, that " if we glance an eye over the immense regions thus con- 
nected ; if we regard the fertility of soil, the multiplicity of product which characterize tliose regions ; and if 
we combine those advantages aflbrdcd by nature, with the moral energy of the free and active people who are 
spreading their increasing millions over its surface, what a vista through the darkness of future time opens upon 
us ! We see arts, science, industry, virtue and social happiness, already increasing in those countries beyond 
what the most inflated fancy would have dared to hope thirty or forty years ago." "The mouth of the Maumee 
in Sandusky bay is 565 feet above the tide waters at Albany ; and the fall of the Ohio and Mississippi from 
Pittsburg to New Orleans is 500 feet. Illinois hes between lat. 36° 57' and 42= 30' N.and in Ion. 87'= 12' and 
91° 5' W. Bounded N. by the N. W. territory ; E. by Indiana ; S. by Kentucky ; and W. by Missouri. 

MiSSOUMI. 

This state is bounded N. E. and S. E. by the Mississippi river ; S. by the territory of Arkansas ; and W. 
and N. br the western unappropriated territory of the U. S. Ibrnierly a part of Louisiana. Between Lat. 36° 
and 40° 3'6' N. and Lon. 88° 25' and 94° 10' W. The territory of this state was formerly a part of Louisiana. 
The first white settlements were made by the French in 1760. St. Louis was first settled in 1762 ; but this 
country having changed masters, passing iTom France to Spain, and then from Spain to France, grew in popu- 
lation and importance but slowly until the cession of it to the U. S. by France m 1803. There is perhaps no 
region of country in the world, of the extent of Missouri, that can compare in the magnitude, number and navi- 
gable facilities of its rivers. St. Louis, or some place in its vicinity, seems destined by nature to become an 
important mart of a vastly extended country. The soil of Missouri on its numerous rivers, of which the Mis- 
sissippi, Missouri, Lemaine, St. Francis, Black, Merrimack, and Osage, are the most considerable, is of a 
quality equal to any in the western country, but the soil of the greater part of the territory is by no means pro- 
ductive. The climate of Missouri is liable to great extremes of heat and cold. In metal and other fossil sub- 
stances, Missouri is probably the richest region in the U. S. The lead mines of Missouri, which are 
chiefly in the county of Washington, are considered the most valuable in the known world. The lead from this 
source is understood during the year 1830. to have completely excluded foreign lead from our markets, unless 
in very inconsiderable quantities. From the various lead mines of the U. S. nearly 15 millions pounds were 
produced in 1829. When this state was admitted into the union, a great eflbrt was made to interdict slavery 
within its territory : but the friends of slavery prevailed. 

mCMIGAM TERRITOSIY. 

This territory includes a peninsula formed by Lakes Huron, St. Clair and Erie on the north east. Lake 
Michigan on the west, and bounded south by the states of Ohio and Indiana, and also the extensive tract of 
country between the Mississippi, and the Lakes Superior and Michigan. From the fertility of the soil, the 
goodness of the climate, and the ease with which produce can be transported by lake, canal, and river naviga- 
tion to New York, it cannot be doubted that this territory will soon become an important member of the union. 
Indeed it possesses singular advantages for the most extensive inland commerce, and is already the centre of 
the north western fur trade. The face of the country is generally Hat, or gently rolling. There is much that 
is extremely fertile ; but the coldness and great length of the winter will probably obstruct its settlement till the 
more southern regions of the Ohio shall be filled. 

Detroit is the principal place of business in Michigan. It is situated on a strait between lakes Erie and St. 
Clair, 18 miles from the former, and 9 miles below tlie latter. Detroit was first settled by the French in 1670, 
and has ever been a point of country of considerable interest. The passage of the strait of St. Clair, in summer 
months, is very pleasant, the banks fertile and well cultivated, the water gentle and of sulTicient depth for ships 
of great burthen. Freight from Detroit to the city of New York, 837 miles, $14 per ton. Insurance about 
i per cent. Detroit is in N. Lat. 42° 24', and W. Lon. 82° 58', and 526 miles from Washington. 

This territory is situated between 41° 31' and 46° 51' North Lat. and 82° 18' and 87° 25' West Lon. 

ARKANSAS TERRITORY. 

This territory was formed out of ancient Louisiana, and became a territory ot the U. S. in 1819. It is bounded 
cast by the river Mississippi ; south by Louisiana and Red river ; west by Texas ; and north by the miappro- 
iiriated territory of the U. S. and by Missouri. It extends about 550 miles from east to west, anil between N. 
Lat. 33° and 36° 30'. The first settlements in the Louisiana country were made in tliis territory. From 
the great extent of this territory, the face of the country, the soil and the climate are much diversified. 
A chain of mountains passes through Arkansas from N. E. to S. W. and extends into Texas. The country 
S. E. of the mountains is low and liable to annual submersion. To the N. W. the country presents a large 
expanse of prairie, without wood, except or>».fhe borders of rivers. As low at Lat. 35° the thermometer ranges 
from 97° above, to 20° below zero. Arkansas has a large )iortion of land of great fertility, which produces 
cotton, wheat, corn, cattle, with a great variety of fruits and vegetables. Large quantities of iron ore, gypsum, 
and common salt are found in this territory. Arkansas, its |)rincipal river, and after the Missouri, the largest 
and longest tributary of the Mississippi, rises in the Rocky mountains, anil after meandering a great distance 
traverses this territory nearly in the centre and falls into the Mississippi 591 miles above New Orleans. 

White river is also very considerable : a steam boat from the Mississippi arrived at Batcsville, on that river, 
about 400 miles distant, on the 4th of January 1831. 

Little Rock is the capital, and the i)rincipal deposit of the trade of this territory : Little Rock is on the Arkan- 
sas river, about 120 miles above its mouth. The Hot Springs of Arkansas have become famous for their 
medicinal virtues. They are situated near the forks of the Wachitta river, and are much frequented. The 
land around them is called " the land of fieacc j" and tribes of Indians unfriendly to each other, on arriving tt 
thi» place always suspend hostilities. 



FLORIDA TERRITOKY. 

This territory is bounded Morlli l>y Gt'orf^ia ; cusl liy tlio Athiiilic, u.'om ; soulli by llio null of Mexico ; and 
west by the same gulf and Alabunia. This is the most southern jjart of ihe U. S. It is divided into East and 
West Florida ; the former is on the Atlantic ocean and has St. Auj;usline tor its capital, in Lat. 29° ib' N. and 
Lon. 81° 3()' W. The latter is on the crulf of Mexico and hai Pensacola for its capital, in I,at. 30° 28' N. and 
Lon. 88° 12' W. Both are howcvi-r under one territorial government. Floriila was discovered in 1512, and was 
first settled by tlie French, in 1.5112. In 1C39 it was conquered by Sjiain. Although Florida is a peninsula of 
more than 1000 miles outline of sea coast, only 120 njilcs mean breadth, and less in size than the state of 
Illinois, yet owins; to the indolence or inattention of its former possessors, a large portion of its territory is 
but imncrlVctlv known. From the best sources it appears that the soil of Florida is of an inferior quality, 
excepting those sections of it near and along its streams. The vegetable productions of Florida are numerous 
and valuable ; cotton, indigo, rice, sugar-cane, Indian corn and toliacco ; also the olive, orange, lime, peach and 
fig tree arc already cultivated with success. It is supposed that the cotl'ee plant would flourish here. The live 
oak and laurel magnolia are indigenous. The capitals of Florida are its cliicf marts of trade. Both have good 
harbors ; Pensacola is also a depot of the American navy. 

The small island of Key West is near the coast of F'lorida, in the gulf of Mexico, a rendezvous for ships of 
war and merchantmen, tlie most southerly settlement of the U, S. in Lat. 24° 34' N. and Lon. 81° 33' W. 

The climate of Florida is soft and delicious, rarely suffering from extreme cold, and constantly refreshed by 
sea breezes from the Atlantic or the gulf of Mexico. Invalids from all jiarts of the U. S. resort to St. Augustine 
for health, and are crenerally benelitrd by the air. Bank at Tallahassee, in Lat. 30° 28' N. and Lon. 84° 30' W. 
capital £000,000. ?'ensacola is lO.'jO, and St. Augustine 841 miles from Washington. 

This territory was ceded to Great Britain in 1703, and in 1781 it was again recovered by Spain. 

GREAT TI^ESTERM TERRITORY. 

With the exception of a nuuiber of trading houses, and military posts, this territory is peopled only by the 
natives of the forest. Its government, for temporary purposes, is connected with that of Michigan. 'The best 
account of the character of the natives, the soil, climate and rivers of this country is found in the journal of 
Lewis & Clark, who under the direction of the national government, traversed this immense region, over the 
rocky mountains to the Columbia river on the Pacilic ocean, in the years 1804, '5 and '6, and in a later account 
by Major Long, who, with an exploring party visited the valley of the Missouri in 1823. 

Our knowledge however of this territory is at present quite limited; hut as a part of the soil is known to be 
very good, the face of the country rather undulating than hilly, the climate mild for its latitude, jiarticularly on 
the western side of the mountains, and the jiassage of the Rocky u)ouutains less difficult than has been supposed, 
other states and territorieslikeOhio,lllinoisand Michigan will doubtless arise in this distant, but highly interest- 
ing section of the territory of the U. S. Large quantities of furs and peltry are collected iii this territory and 
sent to Detroit. 

This territory has a western outline on the Pacific ocean of about 500 miles. Tlie Columbia, Oregon, or 
River of the West is estimated to he about 1600 miles long ; it rises in the Rocky mountains in Lat. about 55° N. 
and falls into tile Pacific ocean in Lat. 46° 19' N. and Lon. 123° 54' W. ; and is navigable 183 miles from its 
mouth, to which distance the tide flows. 

This river is also navigable a great distance above tide water, after passing some short narrows, rapids and falls. 
The Oregon territory, so called, is that portion of this country lying west of the Rocky mountains. From the 
mouth of the Columbia to Washington is about 3,100 miles. 

When the Indian titles to these unappropriated lands of the U. S. are extinguished, 150 states may be 
formed of larger territory than that of Massachusetts. 

THE GREAT LAMES. 

These immense waters, whose centre generally makes the boundary line between the United States and 
(he Canadas, have a natural outlet to the Atlantic ocean, by the river and gulf of St. Lawrence. An assem- 
blage of such vast fresh water seas, the iimuenso basin or country in whidi tlicy are embodied, the great arte- 
ries which supply them, and the rapid increase of pojiulation within this basin ; together with their relative 
position between two powerful nations, deserve a few remarks even in this brief outline of the United States. 

Passing from the sea up the St. Lawrence, the first important place \\ e meet is Cluebec, the " Gibraltar of 
America," about 400 miles from the sea, in Latitude 46° 47' N. and 71° 10' W. Longitude. The St. Law- 
rence is navigable for the largest vessels to Cluebec, and even to Montreal, in Latitude 45° 31' N. and Longi- 
tude 73° 35' W. 1G6 miles above Quebec, for vessels of 400 tons. The tide flows to within 00 miles of Mon- 
treal ; a greater distance than it is known to flow in any other river iii the world. . From Montreal to Ogdens- 
burg, one of the termini of a contemplated rail-road from Boston, a distance of 120 miles, the St. Lawrence is 
in many places very rapid and of difficult navig.ition. From Ogdenshurg to Lewiston, the most northern and 
western points of navigation on Lake Ontario, is about 290 miles. This lake covers an area of 5,100,000 
acres, and is navigable for the largest ships. Passing the great cataract of Niagara, from Lewiston to Bullalo, 
is 28 miles. From Bullalo tO'Detroit, is about 330 ndles. Lake Erie covers an area of 7,080,000 acres ; but 
its depth of water is not so great as that of Ontario. A large amount of tonnage is employed on this lake ; 
and its commerce, as well as that of Ontario, is ra|>idly increasing. 

The strait of St. Clair, 27 miles long, on which Detroit is built, connects this lake with tliose of St. Clair, 
Huron, Michigan, and Superior. The St. Clair covers an area of about 800,000, and Huron about 13,800,000 
acres. Lake Michigan is about 300 miles long, and covers an area of 9,000,000 acres. This lake is wholly 
within the limits of th'e United States. Michigan is connected with Huron by the strait of Michilimackinack, 
40 miles long, which, with the lake, is navigable for large vessels. 'Mackinaw is an island in this strait, a 
place of considerable trade, has a custom house, and is a port of entry. 

Passing from Lake Huron by the strait of St. Mary, about 40 miles long, and having a fall of about 23 feet, 
we come to Lake Superior, the largest fresh water sea in the known world. This lake is elevated above the tide 
waters of the Atlantic ocean, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 641 feet; and covers an area of 19,200,000 acres. 
From the northern and western extremity of this lake, to the mouth of the Gulf of the St. Lawrence, is about 
1800 miles ; and the whole area covered by the waters of the lakes mentioned, is 54^ million acres, or 85,155 
square miles. 

Great and laudable exertions are making by the British government and the people of the Canadas to draw 
the trade of this immense basin to Montreal and Uuebec. More than a million of dollars has already been 
expended on the Welland canal to unite lakes Erie and Ontario by sloop navigation round the falls of 
JSria;2ara : the distance is 42 miles ; and the elevation of lake Erie, above Ontario, is 334 fcrt. When we 
consider the many and great difficulties attending the navigation of the St. Lawrence, it is confidently believed 
that our canal and rail-road systems, particularly the latter, will prove the best medium of commercial operations 
between this basin and the ocean. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

INDIANS IN THE UNITED STATES.— It is calculated that there are 313,130 Indians within the 
limits of the United States : viz. in Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Virginia, 2,573 ; 
New York, 4,820; Pennsylvania, 300; North Carolina, 3,100; South CaroUna, 300; Georgia, 5,000; Ten 
nessee, 1,000; Ohio, 1,877; Mississippi, 23,400; Alabama, 19,200; Louisiana, 939; Indiana, 4,050; Illi- 
nois, 5,900 ; Missouri, 5,631 ; Michigan, 9,340 ; Arkansas, 7,200 ; Florida, 4,000 ; in the country east of the 
river Mississippi, north of Illinois, and west of the three upper Lakes, 20,200 ; west of the Mississippi, east 
of the Rocky Mountains, and not included in the states of Louisiana or Missouri, or the territory of Arkan 
»as, 94,300 ; within the Rocky Mountains, 20,000 ; and west of the Rocky Mountains, between latitude 44^ 
to 49°, 80,000. The United States have acquired of the Indians, by treaty at various times, in difleren 
itates, 209,219,865 acres of land. The United States pay to different tribes permanent annuities, amount 
ing to 8142,525, and annuities limited to end in ten years, ^163,325. 



LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES 

tiV SOME PRINCIPAL PLACES IN 
FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 

Aleiandria, Egypt, 31(1 llniN. Mil 13nilv 
Algiers, Africa, 36d 49ni N. 3il 5ni E. 
Amsterdam, Holland, 52d '■J-im N. 4d 53 E. 
Archangel, Russia, 64d 3"2m N.40d 44111 E. 
Athens, Greece, 37d 58m N. 23d 45in E. 
Batavia, Island of Java, 6d 12m S. lOGil 

56m E. 
Berlin, Prussia. 52d 32m N. I3d 22ni E. 
Bermuda, Atlantic Ocean, 32d S.'jin N. 

63d 28m W. 
Bombay, East Indies, 18d 5Trn N. 73d 

00m S. 
Ereslaw, Silesia, 5Id 6m N. Hd 2m E. 
Brest, France, 48d 23ili N. 4d 29m W. 
Buenos Ayres, South America, 34d 37m 

S. 53d 24m W. 
Brussels, Netherlands, oOd 5]ni N. 4d 

22m E. 
Cadiz, Spain, 36d 32m N. 6d 17m W. 
Cairo, Egypt, 30d 3mN.31d I8m E. 
Carthagena, South America, lUd 25nl N. 

70d 30m W. 
Canton, China, 23d 8m N.113d 13m E. 
Calcutta, East Indies, 3Jd 35m N. SSd 

30iii E. 
Cape Francois, Hayti, 19d 46m N. 72d 

18m VV. 
Cape of Good Hope, Alrica, 33d 55in S. 

18d 24m E. 
Cape Horn, South America, 55d 58m S. 

67d 21m VV. 
Constantinople, Turkey, 41d Ira N. 28d 

55m E. 
Copenhagen, Denmark, 55d 4Ini N. 12d 

34m E. 
Dantzic, Prussia, 54d 21m N. 18d38mE. 
Dresden, Saxony, 51d 3m N. 13d 43m E. 
Dublin, Ireland, o3d 12in N. 6d 35m W. 
Edinburgh, Scotland, 55d 57m N. 3d 

13m W. 
Funchal, Madeira, 32d 38m N. 17d 6m W. 
Geneva, Switzerland, 4Cd 12m N. 6d 

51m E. 
Genoa, Italy, 44d 25m N. 8d 58m E. 
Gibraltar, Spain, 36d N.5d 19m W. 
Goa, E. Indies, 15d 31m N. 73d 45m E. 
Ilalifai, Nova-Scotia, 44d 45m N. 63d 

25m VV. 
Hamburgh, Germany, 53d 33ra N. 9d 

59m B. 
Havre, France, 49d 29m N. Od 7m E. 
Havana, West Indies, 23d 9m N. 82d 

13m VV. 
Jerusalem, Asiatic Turkey, 31d 48m N. 

33d E. 
Lisbon, Portugal, 38d 42m N.9d 9m VV. 
Lima, South America, 12d 3ni S. 77d 

7m E. 
London, England, 51d 31in N. Od 5m W. 
Lyons, France, 45d 46m N. 4d 50in E. 
Madrid, Spain, 40d 25m N. 3d 42m VV. 
Manilla, Fhillippine Islands, 14d 38m N. 

120d 58m E. 
Madras, East Indies, 13d 4m N. 18d 

17m E. 
Malacca, East Indies, 2d 10m N. 102d 

5 m E. 
Mexico, North America, 19d 26m N. 99d 

5m VV. 
Milan, Italy, 45d 28m N. 9d 12m E. 
Moscow, Russia, 55d 46m N.37d 33m E. 
Montevideo, South America, 34d 35m S. 

58d 24m VV. 
Munich, Bavaria, 48d 8m N. I Id 35ni E. 
Nankin, China, 32d 4m N. 1 l«d 47m E. 
Naples, Italy, 40d .50m N. !4d 6m E. 
Otaheite, Pacific Ocean, 17d 26ni S. 149d 

30m VV. 
Owhyhee, Sandwich Islands, 20d 17m N. 

156d Om E. 
Paris, France, 48d 50m N. 2d 20m E. 
Palermo, Sicily, 38d 7in N. 13d 22m K. 
Pekin, China, 39d 54m N. 116 d 28in E. 
Port Jackson, New Holland, 34d Om N. 

153d 12ra E. 
Porto Rico, West Indies, ISd 29m N.6Gd 

13m W. 
Prague, Bohemia, 50d om N. 14d 25m E. 
Quito, South America, Od 13m S. 78d 

55m VV. 
Rio de Janeiro, South America, 22d 54m 

S. 43d 18m W. 
Rome, Italy, 41d 54ni N. I2d 30m E. 
Siam, Asi,a, 14d21m N. lOOd .50m E. 
St. Helena, Atlantic Ocean, 17d44m N. 

5d 49ni VV. 
St. Petersbuigh, Russia, 59d 56m N. 30d 

19m E. 
Stockholm, Sweden, 59d 20m N. ISd 

4in E. 
Smyrna, Asia, 38d 28m N. 27d 7m E. 
Tobolsk, Siberia, 58d I2m N. «8d 6m E. 
Tripoli,iAfrica, 30d 49ni N. 3d 5ni E. 
Tunis, Africa, 36d 48m N. lOd 

11m E. 
Turin, Piedmont, 45d 4m N. 7d 40m E. 
Vienna, Austria, 48d 13m N. 16d 

23m E. 
Warsaw, Poland, 52d 14m N. 21d 

3m E. 
Wardhuys, Lapland, 70d 22m N. 3Id 

7m E. 
Vork.UCiinada, 43(1 33m N.79d 20m W. 



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CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES— 1830. 

JKrTiiE seats of governmunt of llic several slntcs arc printed in small capitals; and the county towns, or scats in 
HaltLS. Tire tirst fisures give tile population of tlie county in 1«2U ; tlic second, the population of the county in 1830 ■ 'I'l'ien 
is given the population of the county town, 1830, with its course and distance from some noted town, or the capital of the 
Slate, and its dislatjce from Washington ; and then is given the population in 1830, of as many of the largest towns in each 
county, as the limits of this work will permit. The populatioti is taken chicHy from official sources : The'distances are from 
the "Table of the Post Oltires" for 1831. 

MAINE.— CUMBERLAND Co. •fg.WS— r,0,113. City of rnrt/aiirf, 12,001 ; .Wi miles from Washington. Brunswick 
3,7')7. Gorham, 2,9*. Miriot, 2,S10H. North Yarruoulh, 2,i;G4, Freeport, 2,623. Falmouth, 1,90B. Durham, 1,731 Cape 
Elizabeth, 1,007. Gray, l,.'i7.';. HANClllMC Co. I7,H50.— 21,347. Cusf/nc, 1,155. 1.34 N. E. by E. from Portland, 676 
Bucksport, 2,237. Deer Isle, 2,217. \1iialhaven, 1,7'.I4. Sedgwick, 1,606. Mount Desert, 1,003. Ellsworth, 1,385. Penob 
scot, 1,271. Gluehill, l-iOO. l!rook.sville, 1,080. KENNEBEC Co. 40,150— 52,491. Auousta, 3.080, 53 N.N E 595 
Hallowell, 3,964. GardiK-r, 3,709. Farniington, 3.340. China, 2,234. Vassalborough, 2,761. Clinton, 2,125 Sidney 2 191 
Walerville, 2,216. Winthrop, 1,887. LINCOLN Co. 411,843— 57,181. HVscasset, 2,443, 47 N. E. 589. Topuliam, IStii 
n'Drren, 2,030. Thomaslon, 4,221. Bath, 3,77.3. WaJdohorouKh, 3,1 13. Bristol, 2,450. Boothbay 2 "90 Lisbon ''4"3 
Litchfield, 2,308. OXFOUD Co, 27,104— 35,217. Pai is, 2,337. 39 N. by W. 581. Livermnrc, 2,456. Turner' "'"IS 
Norway, 1,712. Fryeburgh, 1,3.13. Jay, 1,276. Hartford, 1,207. Waterford, 1,123. Sumner, 1,099. Rumford, 1,126. Bethel 
1,620. Buckfield, 1,510. PENOUSCOT Co. 13,870—31,530. i(niin-<ir, 2,868. 119 N. E. 661. Maddawaska, 2,487 HamD- 
den, 2,020. Orono, 1,473. Exeter, 1,438. Orringion, 1,234. Brewer, 1,078. Dover, 1,043. Di.vmont, 945. Sebec 903 

SOMERSET Co. 21,787—35,788. M-orridgcwad:, 1,710. 81 N. N. E. 023. Fairfield, 2,002. Anson, 1,532. Alliens i 20o' 
Bloomfleld, 1,072. Canaan, 1,0:0. Madison, 1,273. Mercer, 1,210. New Portland, 1,215. Stark, 1,471. 

WALDO Co. 23,253-29,790. Hrl/rr-t, 3,077. 99 N. E. by E. 641. Frankfurt, 2,487. Camden, 2,200. Prospect, 2 381 
Lincolnsville, 1,703. Montville, 1,743. Palermo, 1,258. Hope, 1,541. iMonroe, 1,081. Unity, 1,299. 

WASHINGTON Co. 12,744-21,295. Jlrrc/rrrr.?, 1,021. 203 E. N. E. 745. Easlport, 2,4.50. Calais, 1,686. Harrington 
1,118. Lubec, l,53o. East Machias, 1,000. Dennvsvillc, 850. Jonesborough, 810. Addison, 741. Perry 735 ' 

YORK Co. 46,283— 51,710. I'ori, 3,485. 43 S.W. by S. .500. .^//rcrf, 1,453. Berwick, 3,168. Buxton, 2,856 Kennc- 
bunk, 2,233. Kennebunk Port, 2,763. Kittery, 2,203. llollis, 2,273. Parsonsfield, 3,465. Wells, 2,977. 



The population of tins Stale in 1765, was 20,788. There were in tliis Stale in 1830, 819 while males, and 909 do females 
of 80 and under 90 years of age; 92 white males, and 139 do. females of 90 and under 100; and 1 white male, and 3 do females 
upwards ot 100 years of age. There were 187 white and 2 colored persons deaf and dumb ; 157 whites and 5 colored persons 
who were blind ; and 2,830 aliens. The Baptists in this Stale have 210 churches, about 160 ministers, and 12,930 comniunicania ■ 
the Congregationalists IjO churches, 107 minislers, and about 10,000 communicants ; the Methodists 56 ministers, and 12 182 
communicants. There are 50 congregations of .fVcc-llv;/ yjoyidsls; .'lO societies of FWcnrfs ,■ 12 fnifariun societies- i Epia- 
copalian ministers; 4 Homaii Ciillwlie churclies : 3 societies of the jVcio Jcruialem Church, and some UHii'crsalists.' 

Bowdoin College, at Brunswick, in the county of Cumberland, 27 miles from Portland, was founded 1794- 392 Alumni- 7 
Instructors; 137 Undergraduates; 12,300 vols, in Libraries; William Allen, D. D. Pres't. JVaterville Colle<re, at Watervil'le 
in the county of Kennebec, 71 miles from Portland, was Ibunded 1820 : Alumni, 60; Instructors, 5; Und°er"raduate« 45' 
2,400 vols, in Libraries : Jeremiah Chaplin, D. D. Presiilent. There were in this State in 1830, 31 Academies, whose aggre- 
gate funds amounted to .?170,233. The Maine Wesleynn Scmivanj, at Readfield, 11 miles from Augusta, uniting a"ricultural 
and mechanical labor with literary pursuits, promises much good to the community. 

NBW-HABIPSHIIIE.- ROCKINGHAM Co. 40,526—44,452. Portsmouth, 8,082. 45 E. S. E. from Concord. 
491 troni W. ixflcr, 2,758. Derry, 2,178. Deerfield, 2,086. Chester, 2,039. Salem, 1,310. Candia, 1,362. Epping 1 203 
Hampton, 1,103. Seabrook, 1,096. Windham, 1,006. Londonderry, 1,409. New-Market, 2,013 Northwood 134'° Not- 
tingham, 1,157. Rye, 1,173. Raymond, 1,000. STRAFFORD Co. 51,415-58,910. ioner, 5,449. 40. E. 400.' Oilmanton 
3,816. Alton, 1,993. Barn.slead, 3,047. Barringlon, 1,895. Conway, 1,001. Durham, 1,000. Eaton, 1,43-2. Effingham' 
1,911. Farmmglon, 1,404. Gilford, 1,872. Lee, 1,009. Merideth, 2,683. Millon, 1,273. Moultonboroui'h. 1.422 New- 




- _-, ., .„. ..^,. ^ „„^ L.^]IIIU1U 1554 

Deering, 1,227. Dinislable, 2,417. Francestown, 1,540. Gofislowu, 2,213. Hancock, 1,316. Hillsborough, 1,792 'hoIHs' 
l,o01. Hudson, 1,282. Lymleboiough, 1,147. Mason, 1,403. Merrimack, 1,191. Milford, 1,303. New-Boston, 1,680 New- 
'P'™'"'^J;.''/\,£'=''l™V*',"»?-.,r'''''.''''"'''"-'''. l-'**-*- Weare, 2,430. Wilton. 1,041. CHESHIRE Co. 26,75*-27,016 

, R-M-nr, 2,3(4. 55 S. W. by W. 431. Alstead, 1,.5.50. Chesterlicld, 2,040. Dublin, 1,218. Fitzwilliam, 1,229 ' Jaffrev 1354 
Richmond, 1,301. Ilindge, 1,269. Stoddard, 1,159. Svvanzey, 1,816. Walpole, 1,979. Westmoreland, 1 647 Winchester' 
3,052. SULLIVAN Co. 18,028-19,087. JVYicyorl, 1,913. 40 N. W. 467. A^vvorlh, l,40i: aSstown ' 1 773 S^^^^ 
inont, 2,526. Cornish, 1,087. Croydon, 1,057. Grantham, 1,079. Plainfield, 1,581. Springfield, 1,203 Unitv 1 258 
Washington, 1,135. GRAFTON Co. 32,989-38,691. //ai.,W<!«, 2,153. 67 N. N. W. 509. Alexandria 1,083 Bail'i l'626 
Campion, 1,313. Canaan, 1,42.8. Enfield, 1,492. Grafton, 1,207. Hanover, 2,361. Holderne.ss, 1,429. Lebanon ' l'868' 
Lime, 1,804. Lisbon, l,48j. Littleton, 1,4;)5. Lyman, 1,321. New-Chester, 1,090. Orford, 1,829. Piermont 1 04"' 'piu 
mouth, 1,175. Thoinlon, 1,049. COOS Co. 5,531—8,390. Lancaster, 1,187. 116 N. 558. Bartlelt, 644. Co'lebroo'k, 542. 

,oXI"^ t"'P"''"'°" of "''^ ^'^'i^ '" 1""' ™a* 1"."™ ; '" 1'30, 12,000 ; in 1749, 30,000 ; in 1767, 52,700 ; and in 1775 80 038 In 
1830 there were 19 438 white males, and 18,500 do. females, under 3 years of a"e ; 21,147 do. males, and 34,485 do', females, of 
.JO and under 30; 5,09, do. males, and 5,88i do. lemales, of 60 and under 70; 3 do. males, and do. females, of 100 years and 
upwards ;---136 white, and 12 coloied persons, deaf and dumb ; 117 while persons who were blind ; and 400 aliens Dart 
mouth College, at Hanover, in the county of Grafton, 54 miles from Concord, was founded 1770. Alumni, 2 230 Instructors 
. , I iider-graduales 133. Libraries, 14,001) vols. Nathan Lord, D.D. President. There is a Medical School connected with 
the College; a 1 heological Institnuon at New-Hampton, 38 miles from Concord ; and about 30 incorporated Academics in 
various parts of the state. There are in this state 13 societies of Friends ; 8 Episcopalian ministers ; 20 con^reeation's of 
LmvcrsaUsts; 10 Lmtarum miiilslers ; 2 Caf/zortc churches : -2 societies of .S/i<i4«-s; 1 soe\e\y o( Sandcmuman' ■ 9 Presbti- 
termn ministers, 11 churche.s, and 1,499 comniunicants. The Cougregatioualists have 140 churches, 110 minislers 1" 867 
communicants Baptists, 75 churches, 61 ministers, 5,279 communicants. Free-will Baptists, 07 churches, 51 ministers"'and 
between 4 and 5,000 communicants. Tim Methodists have 30 ministers, 3,180 communicants. Christ^iavs,i7 ministers' 




CALEDONIA Co. 16,009-^,90^ D aneille, %631. W N. E. by E. 538. Bainet, 1,764. Cabot, 1,.304. Hardwick, 1 216 

^nuV^vWAr^^w?''^',".'^i?'''-„ Kyesaic, 1,119. St. Johnsbury, 1.592. Sutton, 1,005. Waterlbrd 1,358. "=«''.-='<'• 

,SS ,^^^°0^,^°;.J^fi-^^-f'''^-..,Ilurlington,3,.m.3aW.N.\V. 515. ■ Charlotte, 1,702. cilchester, 1,489. Essci 

'SS?,- lUT'"'Sli,1.06'J- Jericho, l,6D4.MlIlon. 2,100. Richmond, 1,109. Shclburne, 1,123. Undeihill, 1,050 Weflfort' 

1,290. Wihslon, 1,60.8. ESSEX Co. 3,384-3,98L 0./,7rf4»;;, 481. 78 E. N. E. 564. cknaan, 373. Concord 1 031 ' 

nenburgh, 1,0j4. Maidstone, 236. Minehcad, 150. FRANKLIN Co. 17,192— 24,5-25 - ■"'- «-."-".'''.. 'V?.'-, 




i;;,,V.f ...?'„• "''"''""''"'"■ ''■''»'""-i'*i«00. 49N. N.E. 568. Albany, 683. Barton, 739. Charleston 564 

RUTLAND Co. 29,983-31,295. A,„/a„J, 2,753. 67 S. S. W. 4.i2. Benson, 1,493. 'Brandon, ? 040 'Casllelon 1^83 

Clarendon, l,o85 Dauby, 1,302. Mount Holly, 1,318. Orwell, 1,598. Pawlet 1 965, Filtslbrd, 2,005. Poultne"' 'w' 

Shrewsbury, l,2j,9. Tiumoulh, 1,049. Walhnglbrd, 1,740. WASHINGTON Co. 14,113-31,394. Montpelier c,' ' 1193 

534. Barre, 3,012. Berlin, 1,084. Calais, 1,.530. Marshfield, 1,371. Middlesex, 1,156! Montpelier, 1,793 Nirtlilied '• 1" 

Stow, 1,5,0. Walerbury, 1,650. WINDHAM Co. 28,659-128,738. i.-„„«,„„7;c', 1,441. 110 S. 428. ' BTattleborouB, ■'' hT' 

Duinmerston 1,592 Grafton, 1 430. Gtiillbrd, 1,760. Halifax, 1,562. .lamaica, 'l,52:i. Londonderry, l^sol. Malboi^'ugh' 

'47?' w-',""^' '-'"'; ,?-°'='"','?,':»"A' ,-•-'-■ '^"'vnshend, 1,.386. Wardsborough, 1,148. Westminster, ,737. VVhmiiiZm 

'S Wdmington, 1 3b, WINDSOR Co. 38,3;!3-40,6-23. «7„,fc<,r, 3,134. 5;j S. by E. 469. Bar lard, 1,881 bS' 

1,667. Bridgew-ater, 1,311. Cavendish, 1,498. Chester, 2,3-20. Woodstock, 3,0U. oru, i,ooi. ueiliel, 

n a es, and 1^,'76 do. eniales of 15 and under 30 ; 34,200 while males, and 35,167 do. females of 30 and under 30 - 3 we 

R.i^.hf r!' lil-i-.V,'"""- T^hercwere in 1831, 35 Academies and High schools, and about 2,400 District schools 
B'lf^lVM^\]»30,i^:,8:,9-, acres nflaxMe land, 1,083,593; 224,605 o.xen, Ind other' cattle; 61, -Jlii hors«"„d mules 
/^ 965 sheep. Phe amount of the Grand Lisl for state taxes in 1831, was S1,8W,980. The Congre.aionalists have 13 asso: 
clatlons, 203 churches; 110 pastors, and 17,236 communicants ; the Baptists 105 churches, 56l,a;tors, and 8^478 commun"- 
.' in1? °'lf,';^^."'rl';'T„U™.''.?J^ 2.-"""';"'.^-'f ■ .- ^'^'^P-^P-i^ns, 15 niinisters ;' the Cn^tarihns, 3 socier. 



MASSACHTJSETTS.— SUFFOLK Co. pop. in IMO, 43,941— in 1830, 62,162. Bosto.n, 61,392. 432 mllea from 
Washington. Cliclsea, 770. ESSE.X Co. 73,930—82,887. Salem, 13,886. 14 N. E. by N. from Boston, 446. Amesbury, 
2,445. Andover, 4,540. Beverly, 4,079. Boxl'ord, 937. Bradford, 1,856. Danvcrs, 4,228. Essex, 1,345. Gloucester, 7,513 
Hamilton, 743. Haverliill, 3,912. Ipswich, 2,951. Lvnn, 6,138. Lynfield, 617. Manchester, 1,238. Marblehead, 5.150. 
Methnen, 2,011. l\liddleton, 607. Newbury, 3,803. jVewburyport, 6,im. Rowley, 2,044. Salisbury, 2,519. Saueus, 960. 
Topsfleld, 1,011. Wenham, 612. West Newbury, l,58(i. MIDDLESEX Co. 61,476— 77,908. Cambridge, 6,mi. 'i W.N. Vf. 
431. Acton, 1,128, Ashby, 1,240. Bedford, 68.5. Blllerica, 1,374. Boiboroush, 474. Brighton, 972. Burlinpton, 446. 
Carlisle, 566. Charlestown, 8,787. Clielin.sl'urd, 1,387. Cunori/, 2,017. Draciit, 1,615. Dunstable, 593. East Sudbury, 944. 
Franiingham, 2,313. Groton, 1,925. Holliston, 1,304. Hopkinton, 1,809. Le.\ington, 1,541. Lincoln, 709. Littleton, 947. 
Lowell, 6,474. Maiden, 2.010. Malborouah, 2,074. Medford, 1.755. Natick, 890. Newton, 2,377. Pepperell, 1,440. Read- 
ing, 1,806. Sherburne, 9U0 Shirley, 991. South Reading, 1,310. Stonehain, 732. Slow, 1,221. Sudbury, 1,424. Tewks- 
bury, 1,.527. Townsend, 1,506. 'J'viig5bin'ough,822. Wafthaiu, 1,859. VVatertown, 1,641. West Cambridge, 1,230. West- 
ford, 1,329. Weston, 1,091. Wiiniingtcul, 731. Woburn, 1,977. PLYMOUTH Co. 38.136—42,993. riijmouth, 4.751. 
36, S. E. by S. 439. Abiui^ton, 2,423. Bridgewater, 1,855. Carver, 970. Dusburv, 2,705. East Bridgewater, 1,653. Hali- 
fa.v, 709. Hanover, 1,300. Hanson, 1,030. Ilingiiajn, 3,357. Hull, 198. Kingston, 1,322. Marsblield, 1,503. Middleborough, 
5,008. N. Bridgewater, 1,953. renibroke, 1,324. PIvmton, 920. Rochester, 3,.556. Sciluale, 3,470. Warehani, 1,885. W. 
Bridgewater, 1,012. NORFOLK Co. 36,452— 41,901. J3frf/iam, 3,057. 10 S.W. by S. 422. Bellinghain, 1,101. Braintree, 
1,752. Brookliiie, 1,041. Canton, 1,517. Cohasset, 1,227. Dorchester, 4,064. Dover, 497. Fo.xborough, 1,099. Franklin, 
1,602. Medlield, 817. Mcdwav, 1,766. Milton, 1,.565. Needham, 1.420. Quincy, 2,192. Randolph, 2,200. Koxbury, 5,S49. 
Sharon, 1,024. Stoughton, 1,591. Walpole, 1,442. Weymouth. 2,839. Wrcntham, 2,765. 

BRISTOL Co. 40,908—49,474. Taunton, 6,015. 32 S. 415. Attleborongh, 3.215. Berkley, 907. Dartmouth, 3,867. 
Dighton, 1,737. Easton, 1,756. Faithaven, 3,034. Freetown, 1,909. Mansfield, 1,172. JVew Bci//orrf, 7,592. Norton, 1,484. 
Pawtucket, 1,458. Raynliam. 1,209. Relioboth, 2,468. Seeconk, 2,134. Suinerset, ),024. Swanzey, 1,077. Troy 4 159. 
Fall River Village, 3,431. Westport, 2,773. BARNSTABLE Co. 24,046— 28,.525. Barnstable, 3,975. 68 S. E. 466 
Brewster, 1,418. Chatham, 2,134. Denni;-, 2,317. Eastham, 966. Falmouth, 2,548. Harwich, 2,464. Orleans, 1,799. 
Provincetown, 1,710. Sandwich, 3.367. Truro, 1,. 549. Wellfleet, 2,044. Yarmouth, 2,251. 

NANTUCKET Co. and town, 7,266—7,202. 102 S. E. bv S. 500. DUKES Co. 3,292—3,518. Edgartoicn, 1,509. 97 S. S. E. 
495. Chilniark, 691. Tisbury, 1,318. WORCESTER 'Co. 73,635—84,305, Worcester, 4,172. 40 W. by S. 394. Ashburn- 
ham, 1,403. Athol, 1,325. Barre, 2,503. Berlin, 692. Bolton, 1,258. Boylston, 820. Brooklield, 2,342. Charlton, 2,173. 
Dana, 623. Douglas, 1,742. Dudley, 2,15.5. Fitchburg, 2,180. Gardner, 1,023. Grafton, 1,889. Hardwich, l,.88o. Harvard, 
1,601. Holden, 1,718. Hubbardston, 1,674. Lancaster, 2,016. Leicester, 1,782. Leominster, 1,861. Lunenburg, 1,318 
Mendon, 3,152. Milford, 1,380. Millbury, 1,011. New Braintree, 825. Northborough, 994. Northbridge, 1,053. North 
Brookfield, 1,241. Notown, 69. Oakham, 1,010. Oxford, 2,034. Paxton, 597. Petersham, 1,695. Phillipston, 932. Prince- 
ton, 1,345. Royalston, 1,494. Rutland, 1,270. Shrewsbury, 1,386. Southborough, 1,080. Southbridge, 1,444. Spencer, 
1,618. Sterling, 1,789. Sturbridge, 1,688. Sutton, 2,180. Templeton, 1,551. Upton, 1,157. U.xbridge, 2,086. Ward, 690. 
Westborough. 1,438. West Boylston, 1,053. Western, 1,189. Westminster, 1,695. Winchendon, 1,463. 

HAMPSHIRE Co. 26,477— 30,210. JV<j«/i<im;)(iin, 3,018. 91 W. 376. Amherst, 2,631. Belcherlown, 2,491. Chesterfield, 
1,417. Curaminglon, 1,260. Easthampton, 734. Enlield, 1,058. Goshen, 606. Granby, 1,064. Greenwich, 813. Hadley 
1,886. HatHcld, 893. Middletield, 721. Norwich, 787. Pelbam, 904. Plainlield, 983. Prescot, 758. Southampton, 1,253 
South Hadley, 1,185. Ware, 2,045. Westhampton, 907. Williamsburg, 1,225. Worthiugton, 1,178. 

HAMPDEN Co. 28,021— 31,640. SpriV/fW, 6,784. 87 W. by S. 363. Blandford, 1,590. Brimlield, 1,599. Chester, 1,407. 
Granville, 1,049. Holland, 453. Longnieaduw, 1,257. Ludlow, 1,327. Monson, 2,263. Montgomery, 579. Palmer 1237. 
Kussell, 507. Southwick, 1,355. Tolland, 7i3. Wales, 065. Westfleld, 2,940. West Springfield, 3,270. Wilbraham' 2034 

FRANKLIN Co. 29,208—29,344. Orcenfield, 1,540. 95 W. by N. 396. Ashfield, 1,732. Barnardstown, 945. Buckland! 
1,039. Charlemont, 1,065. Coleraine, 1,877. Conway, 1,563. Deerfield, 2,003. Erving's Grant, 429. Gill, 864. Hawley 
1,037. Heath, 1,199. Leverett, 939. Leyden,796. Montague, 1,1.52. Munroe,a65. New Salem, 1,889. Northfield, 1 757* 
Orange,880. Kowe, 716. Shelburne,985. Shntesburv,987. Sunderland, 666. Warwick, 1,150. Wendell, 875. Whateley 
1,111. BERKSHIRE Co. 35,666— 37,825. Z,CTio,r, 1,355, 133 W. 363. Adams, 2,648. Alford, 512. Becket, 1,065. Boa- 
ton Corner, 64. Cheshire, 1,049. Clarksburg, 315, Dalton, 791, Egreinont, 889. Florida, 454. Great Barringlon, 2,276. 
Hancock, 1,053. Hinsdale, 780. Lanesborough, 1,192. Lee, 1,825. Mount Washington, 345. New Ashford, 285. New 
Malborough, 1,656. Otis, 1,014. Peru, 729. Pittstield, 3,570. Richmond, 844. Sandisfield, 1,055. Savoy, 9-.'8. Sheffield 
2,392. Stockbridge, 1,580. Tyringham, 1,351. Wasl]i]]gton, 701. W. Slockbridge, 1,208. Williamstown, 2,137. Windsor' 
1,042. Zoar, 129. ' 

There were in this slate in the year 1830, 40,615 white males and 39,510 do. females under 5 years of age ; 36,054 white 
males and 34,501 do. females, of 5 and under 10 ; 34,605 white males and 33,366 do. females of 10 and under 15 ; 32,808 white 
males and 34,463 do. females, of 15 and tinder 20 ; 58,481 white males, and 60,427 do. females, of 20 and under 30. 35,417 
white males and 38,184 do. females, of 30 and under 40 ; 23,643 white males and 26,699 do. females, of 40 and under 50 ; 
15,029 Aviiite males and 18,453 do. females, of 50 and under 60; 10,384 white males and 12,919 do. females, of 60 and under 70 ■ 
5,516 white males and 7,177 do. females, of 70 and under 80; 1,764 white males and 2,512 do. females, of 80 and under 90 ; 
172 white males and 335 do. females, of 90 and under 100; and 1 wh. male and 2 do, females, of 100 years old ami upwards; 
5 colored males and 4 do. females of 100 years old and upwards. There wtjre in this slate at that time, 270 white persons 
deaf and dimib, and 241 do. blind ; 5 coloieri persons deal and dumb, and 4 do. blind; 8,735 foreigners not naturalized. 

The population of this st.ate in 1701, was 70,000; in 1749, 220,000; and in 1776, 348,094. The population of Boston in 
1700, was 7,000 ; in 1722, 10,567 ; in 1765, 15,.520 ; in 1790, 18,038 ; in 1800, 24,937 ; in 1810, 33,250 ; in 1820, 43,298. The pop- 
ulation of Salem in 1754 was 3,402; in 1785, 6,923; and in 1800,9,457. Amount of taxable property in this stale in 1831 
$206,353,024. Number of polls, 150,444. Haroard University, in Cambridge, 3 miles west of Boston, was founded in 1638* 
Numberof Alumni, 5,621; Instructors, 24; Undergraduates, 236. Libraries, 39,600 vols. Funds in 1831, $504,881,23. Jo- 
siah Quincy, L.L. D. President, ll'iltiams College, in Williamstown in the cnihity of Berkshire, 135 W, by N, from Boston 
was founded 1793. Alumni, 721: Instructors 7; Undergraduates, 115 ; Libraries, 4, .550 vols. E. D. Griffin, D. D, President! 
.Amherst College, in the town of .Amherst, in the county of Hampshire, 82 miles W. of Boston, w-as founded 1821. Alumni 
208; Instructors, 10 ; Under-graduates, 188 ; Libraries, 0,900 vols. Heman Humphrey, D. D. President. Besides the Medi- 
cal Institutions in Boston and Berkshire, the Theological Seminaries at Andover and Newton ; the Round Hill School at 
Northampton; the Gymnasium at Piltstield, ami Mount Pleasant Classical Institution at Amherst, Massachusetts has no less 
than 50 incorporated academies, in high standing, the oldest and best endowed of which is Phillips Academv at Andover, at 
which have been educated more than 2000 si holars since its incorporation in 1780 In this commonwealth, the Cono-re/^iilios- 
tt/ists have 491 churches and 423 ordained ministers, 118 of whom are Unitarians; Baptists, 129 churches, 110 ministers- 
Methodists, 71 preachers and 8,200 members; Kpiscopalians,^! ministers; Universalists, 46 societies; Presbyterians 9 
minister.s; J\rew Jerusalem Church, 8 societies ; Roman Catholics, 4 churches ; and the Shakers, 4 societies. ' 

OONBTKCTICWr.- FAIRFIELD Co. 42,739—46,950, Fairfield, 4,246. 55 S.W, hy S. from Hartford, 280 from W 
Bridgeport, 2,803. Brookfield, 1,261. /Jo«4ai-j, 4,325. Darien, 1,201. Greenwich, 3,805. Huntington, 1,369, Monroe 1 522 
New Canaan, 1,826. New Fairfield, 9.58. Ncwlown, 3,099. Norwalk, 3,793. Reading, 1,709. Ridgetield, 2,322. Sherman' 
947. Stamford, 3,795; Stratford, 1,807. Trumbull, 1,238. Weston, 2,997. Wilton, 2,095 

HARTFORD Co. 47,264— 51,141. Hartford, 9,789. 335. Avon, 1,025. Berlin, 3,038. Bristol, 1, 707. Burlington 1 301 
Canton, 1,437. East Windsor, 3,537. East Hartford, 2,237. Enfield, 2,129, Farniington, 1,901. Glastenbury, 2 980 Granby' 
2,730. Hartland, 1,221. Manchester, 1,.576, Malborough, 704, Simsbnrv, 2,221. Soiithington, 1,844. Sumeld 2 090* 
Wetherslield, 3,862. Windsor, 3,220. LITCHFIELD Co. 41,267 — 12,855. y,/(c///ifW, 4,456, 31 W. 324. Barkliamslead 
1,715. Bethlem, 900. Canaan, 2,301. Colebrook, 1,332. Cornwall, 1,712. Goshen, 1,732. Harwinton, 1,516. Kent 2 OOl' 
New Harllord, 1,706. New Milford, 3.979. Norfolk, 1,485. Plymouth, 2,004. Ro.vbury, 1,122. Salisbury, 2,580 Sharon 
2,613. Torriimton, 1,654. Warren, 985. Washington, 1,621. Watertown, 1,500. Winchester, 1,706. Woodbury 2 045 ' 

MIDDLESEX Co. 22,40.5— 24,845. Jl/WJfcWa.,!, 6,892. 14 S. 325. Chatham, 3,646. Durham, 1,116. East Hadd'am'" 664 
Haddam,3,mA. Killingworlh, 2,484, ,Saybrook, 5,018. NEW HAVEN Co. 39,616— 43,848. New Havis.v. 10,678. 34 s' 




, , , ilngton,-,. , _, 

TOLLAND Co. 14.330— 18,700. VViHunrf, 1,098. 17 E,N. E, 352. Bolton, 744. Columbia, 962. Coventry, 2,119 Elling- 
ton, 1,455. Hebron, 1,939. Mansfield, 2,661. Soniers, 1.439. StalTord, 2,514. Union, 711. Vernon, 1,164. Wellington 
l,30o. WINDHAM Co. 2,5,331-27,077. iJrooA/i/n, 1,451. 41 E. 372. Ashford, 2,668, Canterbury, 1,881. Chaplin 807* 
Hampton, 1,101. Killingly, 3,261. Plainfield, 2,289, Pomfret, 1,984. Sterling, 1,240. Thompson, 3,:)88. Volunlown 1 304' 
Windham, 2,812. Woodstock, 2,928, i i ■■• 

The population of this slate in 1701, was 30,000— in 1750, 130,611— In 1774, 197,866— and in 1782, 209,1,50. 

In 1830, there were in Connecticut 19,021 white males and 18.246 do. females, under 5 years of age ; 17,773 wh males and 
16,574 do. leinales, of 10 and under 15 ; 26,181 wh. males, and 26,548 do. females, of 20 and under 30; 10,418 wh. males and 
]8,0.34do, females, of .30 and under 40 ; 5,463 wh. mules and 6,703 do. females of 60 and under 70 ; 78 wh, males and 153 do 
females, of 90 and under JOO; 4 wh. males, and 3 do. females, of 100 and upwards. 

The Episcopalians in this state have 59 ministers— the Baptists 99 churches, 90 ministers, and 9,732 communicants— the 
Congregationah.'its 236 ministers, and 36 licentiates— the Methodists 40 ministers and 7,000 communicants. There are sev- 
eral societies of Fz-ienAs- 2 Unitarian societies— 1 Roman Catholic society— 1 society of S/iaiers- and some Sandcmanians. 
Free-H'ill Baptists tind Unioersalists. 

Tale College at New Haven, was founded 1700. Alumni, 4,428— Instructors, 15— Undergraduates, 346— Vols, in Libraries 
17,500. Jeremiah Day, D. D. President. ' 

The Parent Institution for the instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, in this country, was established at Hartford some years 
since, under the patronage of this state. Massachusetts, New Hami>shire, Vermont and Maine, all give their aid to this noble 
charity. In 1829, there had been 303 pupils received into the Asylum, of which 160 had left the school. The expenses of the 
Insinulion for 182S, were «S3,979— receipts, «33,042 Th« ctarge to each pupil for tuition, and other requisites, is «I50 per ann. 



aHODE-ISIiANB.— PROVIDENCE Co. 35,TSC-47,0!4. PnnTirf urt, \C,Sii. HM riom W. Burrmvilk, 2,158 
Cranston, 2,651. Cumberland, 0,1)75. Foster, 2,672. Glouroslcr, 2,504. Johnston. 2,114. N.Providence, 3,503. Scituate, 
6,853. Smilhfield, 3,9Si4. NEWPORT Co. 15,771—16,535. Kcwport, 8,010. 27 3. I.y E. 403. Jamestown, 415. Little 
Compton, 1,378. Middletown, 015. New Slioreham, 1,185. Portsnioutli, 1,727. Tiverton, 2,903. 

WASHINGTON Co. 15,687—15,414. fioutk Kinffstnn, 3,663. 31 S. by W. 389. Cliarlestown, 1,284. Eleter, 2,389 
Hopl<in(;ton, 1,777. N. Kinpston, 3,036. Richmond, 1,362. Westcrlv, 1,903. 

KENT Co. 10,228-12,788. East Orecnwicli, 1,501. 15 S. 406. Coventry. 3,851. W. Greenwich, 1,817. Warwick, 5,529. 

BRISTOL, Co. 5,637— 5,406. BWsIo/, 3,054. 15 S. E. 409. Harrington, 612. Warren, 1,600. 

The population of this state in 1701, wa.i 10,000; in 1748, 34,128 : in 17.55, 46,«6; in 1774, .59,678 ; and in 1783, 51,800. 

In 1830, there were iu this state, 6,731 white males and 6.626 flo. Cemales, under 5 years of a;tc ; 8,425 whit<? males and 9,207 
do. females, of 20 and nntler 30; 29 white males and 44 do. fetnales, of 80 and under SO. 55 while and 4 colored persona, 
deaf and dumb ; 61 wlii'e and 8 colored persons who were blind, and 1,110 aliens. 

The Baptists in this state have 16 churches, 12 ininislers, and 2,750 cnmmunicants; the Mcthoilhts, 10 preachers and 1,200 
members ; the Ccngrei^atiimati-^ts have 10 churches, 10 ministers, and 1,001) communicanrs ; the Unitarians, 2 societies and 
2minister3; the S«/»6u(ar/rt7(S, about I.OIIO communicants; tUt) .^i^-Frincijitc i?a;^r/if.v, Scliiirches and about 800 coiiununi- 
canls: the /"rt'eHrfa- are numerous. There are some Univcrsaiists;ittn] 1 Hainan Catfwlic church, hroicn University nt 
Providence, was founded 1704. Alumni, 1,1S2; instructors, 6 ; under-graduatcs, 95. Volumes iti Libraries, about 12,000. 
Francis Wayland, D. D. President. 

XgrT5'T7_-r/5-^'JJ.— ALBAN'YCo. 38,110—53.530. A t.tjiKY citv, 24.200. 376 from W. Bern, 3.607. Bethlehem, 6,082 
Reusselaerville, .3,635. Watervliet, 4,962. ALLEGHANY Co. 9,320—20,275. Jlngclica, 903. 256 W. bv S. fnun Albany. 
327. Alm.)nd, 1,804. Friendship. 1,502. Pike, 2,016. Portage, 1,8:!9. HllOO.ME Co. 14,343— 17,379. Bingkamptan via. 
145 W. S.W. 2)1. Chenaiitio, 3,730. Colesvillc, 2,387. Lisle, 4,378. Windsor, 2,IS0. 

CATTARAUGUS Co. 4,0jO— 16 724. H(iM«stii7(e,636. 2i)2 W. byS. 328. C.imiewanso, 1,712. Freedom, 1,505. Otto, 
1,224. Perrysbursli, 2,440. CAYUG.\ Co. 38,897—47,948. JInturn, 4 486. ISo W. by N. 339. Aurelius. 2,7o7. Genoa 
2,768. Locke, 3,310. Mentz, 4,143. Semphronius, .'),705. CH.VUTAUnUE Co. 12,5ii8— 34,071. .W/i7;ij,iJe vill. .336 W 
by 8.349. Pom 1 ret, 3,386. Westfleld, 2,477. CHENANGO Co. 31,21.5— 37.218. .Vui-uiicA, .3,619. 110 VV. by S. 332. Bain- 
bridse, 3,038. Greene, 2,96 >. New Berhn, 2,680. Oxford, 2,943. CLINTON Co. 12,070— 19,344. Platlsliurg, ifili. 162 
N. .539. Beekmantown, 2,391. Champlain, 2,4.06. Cha/.v, 3,097. Peru, 4,949. 

COLUMBIA Co. 38,330—39,907. Hudson Cilv, 5,392. 29 S. 34.5. Challiam, 3,538. Claverack, 3,000. Ghent, 2,783. 
Kinderhook, 2,706. CORTLAND Co. ll),.507— 23,791. Coif/anrfix/.V, 3,673. 142 W. 311. Homer, 3,307. S.ilon, 2,033. 
Truxton, 3,88.5. Virpil, 3,912. DELAWARE Co. 20,587— 33,024. /;rf/i/, 2,114. 77 S. W. by W. 341. Franklin, 2,786. 
Korttisht, 2,870. .Vllddlclown, 2,383. Roxbury, 3,234. DUTCHESS Co. 40,614— 50,926. Pou^*/«cps!t, 7,222. 73 S. 301. 
Fishkill, 8,292. Red Hook, 2,983. Rhinebeck, 2,938. Washinslon, 3,036. ERIE Co. 15,668— 35.719. iJuiuZo, 8,668. 284 
W. 376. Amherst, 2,485. Aurora, 2,423. Clarence, 3,360. Hamburgh, 3,351. 

ESSEX Co. 12,811— 19,287. E/aaiclAlojon, 1,01.5. 126 N. 503. Crownpoint, 2,041. Chesterfield, 1,671. Moriah, 1,7-12. 
Ticonderoga, 1,996. FRANKLIN Co. 4,439—11,312. JI/«/.m», 2,207. 212 N. by W. 523. Banftor, 1,076. Chatcaug.ay, 
2,016. Fort Covington, 2,901. Moira, 791. GENESEE Co. 39,83.5-52,147. iatoeia, 4,i64. 244 W. 370. Covington, 
2,716. LeRoy,3,902. Pembroke, 3,828. Warsaw, 2,474. GREENE Co. 22,996— 29,525. Cii(sti«, 4,861. 34 S. 337. Cairo, 
2,91'2. Coxsackie, 3,373. Durham, 3,039. Windham, 3,471. HERKIMER Co. 31,017— 35,869. aer/iimcr, 2,486. 80 W. 
N.W. 392. Frankfort, 2,620. Little Falls, 2,539. Russia, 2,458. Warren, 2,084. 

JEFFERSON Co. 32,932—48,515. Watcrtown, 4,768. 160 N. W. 412. Ellisburgh, 5,292. Hounsfleld, 3,415. Le Ray, 
3,430. Orleans, 3,101. KINGS Co. 11,187—20,535. /'/atSiisA, 1,143. 156 S. 230. Brooklyn, 15,394. Bushwick, 1,020 

LEWIS Co. 9.227— 14,958. .WarditsJurg-A, 2,382. 129 N. W. 433. Denmark, 2,270. Lowville, 2,334. 

LIVINGSTON Co. 19,196—27,719. Gcneseo, 2,675. 226 W. 345. Livonia, 2,665. Sparta, 3,777. 

MADISON Co. 32.208—39,037. Caicnoria, 4,344. 113 W. by N. 349. Eaton, 3,5.58. Hamilton, 3,220. LenoT, 5 039 
Morrisinlle vill. 101 W. by N. 353. MONROE Co. 26,.539— 19,862. Rochester vill. 9,269. 219 W. by N. 301. Clarkson 
3,251. Mcndon, 3,057. Penfieid, 4,477. MONTGOMERY Co. 37,569—44,918. Johnstown, 7,700. 45 N. W by W 415 
Amsterdam, 3,354. Canajoharie, 4,348. Florida, 2,838. NEW YORK Cily and Co. 123,706—202,589. 151 S. 225. 

NIAGARA Co. 7,322—18,485. Lockport, 3,823. 277 W. by N. 403. Lcwiston, 1,528. 

ONEIDA Co. 50,997— 71,336. K/ci! City, 8,323. 96 W. N. W. 383. Rome, 4,300. IFkitestown, 4,410. Deerfield 4 182 
Verona, 3,739. ONONDAGA Co. 41,467— 58,974. .Syracuse vil. 133 W. by N. 342. Jlanlins, 7,37.5. Onondaga 5 668 
Pompey, 4,812. Salina, 6,929. ONTARIO Co. 35,312— 40,167. ruunni/aiVi/a, .5,102. 195 W. 336. Ellelps, 4,798. Seneca 
6,161. ORANGE Co. 41,213—45,366. JVewliurgh, 0,424. 96 S. by W. 282. Goshrn, 3,361. Moiitgcunery, 3,885. War- 
wick, 5,009. ORLEANS Co. 7,625— 18,773. .<J/4ion, vil. 257 W. bv N. .389. Barre, 4,801. Gaines, 2,121. Murry 3 138 
Shelby, 2,043. OSWEGO Co. 12,374— 27,104. O-sujco-o, 2,703. 107 W.N. W. 379. Mexico, 2,671. 7!(V/j(aii<i, 2,733. Scriba 
2,073. Volney, 3,629. OTSEGO Co. 44,856— 51,372. Coo/jci-sfoicm, vil. 1,115. 66 W. 372. Cherry Valley, 4,098. Middle- 
field, 3,323. Otsego, 4,363. PUTNAM Co. 11,268— 12,628. Cai-mc(, 2,371. 106 S. 306. Kent, 1,931. Pliillipstown, 4 761 

aUEF.NS Co. 21,519— 23.460. jV. //em.;«!enrf, 3,091. 174 S. 218. Flushing, 2,820. Hempstead, 6,215. Oysterliay 5 348 

RENSSELAER Co. 40,153— 49,434. Troi/ City, 11,5.16. N. N. E. 383. Greeubush, 3,216. Lansingburgh, 2,663 ' 

RICHMOND Co. 6,135— 7,082. JJicAmoBii, vii. 167 S. 231. Castleton, 2,216. ROCKLAND Co. 8,837— 9,388. Clarks- 
town, 2,298. 122 S. 251. II averstraw, 2,306. SARATOGA Co. 36,0.52— 38,679. BaH.-fen, 2,113. 29 N. N. W. 406 Green- 
field, 3,144. Saratoga, 2.461. Saratoga Springs, 2,204. Sf.'llENECTADY Co. 13,081-12,347. .ScAniMJofii/ City 4 268 
15N. W. 391. Duanesburgh, 2,837. SCOHARIE Co. 23,154— 37,902. Sc//uAan>, 5,157. 32 W. 381. Broome, 3,133. Sha- 
ron, 4,247. SENECA Co. 17,773—21,041. Orid, 2,756. 171 W. 317. Fayette, 3,216. Romulus, 2.089. H'aterloo, 1 847. 

ST. LAWRENCE Co. 16,037—36,354. /'otsi/am, 3,661. 216 N. W. by N. 484. Madrid, 3,459. STUBEN Co. 21 980— 
33,851. £alA, 3,387. 216 W. by S. 299. Howard, 2,464. SUFFOLK Co. 24,272— 26,780. S«Jb« C. H. 225 S. S. E 299. 
Brookhaven, 6,095. Huntington, 5,583. SULLIVAN Co. 8,900— 12,364. jVondcci/o, vil. 113 S.S.W. 278. Liberty 1277 

TIOGA Co. 14,716-27,690. FJmira, 2,892. 198 W. by S. 273. Oswego, 3,076. TOMPKINS Co. 26,178—36,545. Ithaca 
163 W. by S. 290. Dryden, 5,206. Hector, .5,212. ULSTER Co. 30,934— 30,350. /•r/n'',.(»>i,4,170. 58 S. by W 313 New 
Paltz, 5,098. WARREN Co, 9,433— 11,796. OiWicr//, 797. 62 N. 439. WASHINGTON Co. 38,831 — 12 633 Sa/cra " 972 
46 N. by E. 423. SiiiiJj/ //,«, vill. 50 N. bv E. 437. WAYNE Co. 20,319— 33,643. ii/sn.., 3,60.3. 181 W. by N. 345 Pabuvra' 
3,427. WESTCHESTER Co. 32,633-36,456. Bcrf/orrf, i,7.50. 135 S. by E. 268. Cortland, 3,840. Mount Pleasant 4 9''2' 

YATES Co. 11,023— 19,009. .Pciin I'an, vil. 185 W. 314. Benton, 3,957. Jliddlesei, 3,428. 11110,3,010. ' ' 

There are in this state 6 cities, 764 towns, and 365 villages. The population of the citv of J^cw- Yjrk in 1696 was 4 30^ • 
In 1731, 8,628 ; 1756,10,381; 1773,21,876; 1786,23,614; 1790,33,131; 1800,60,489; 1810,' 96,373; 1820,133,706; and in')825' 
167,086. The population of .llbanxj in 1810 was 9,336; of Troy, 3,885; of Ulica, 1,700; Buffalo, 1,503; Brooklyn, 4,402; 
and of Rochester, in 1830, 1,503. There were it) this state, in 1830, 34.831 more white males than females : In the six New 
England slates, at the same period, there weie 23,622 mo'e white females titan males. There were in this state 52 persona 
of 100 years and upwards; 885 deaf and dumb ; 724bliml; and 52,488 aliens. 

The Prcihijttrians and Congregationattsts have 460 ministers ; the F.piseopuUans, 143 ; Baptists, 2iQ ; Reformed Dutch 98 • 
Methodists, 'S^i ; Lutherans, I'i; and there are 89 ministers of other denomiiialions, — total, 1,470. There are 120 churches 
and meeting-houses in the city of New- York. There aie in the state 1,896 .Attorneys ami C»mnsellors,and 2,580 Physiciatia 
and Surgeons. The number of newspapers published in this slate, is 356, of wiiich 18 are daily papers; requiring lit million 
iheets annually. The number of newspapers published in the United Stales in 1775, was 37: the number published in Great 
Britain in 18-39, was 3-25. 

This state owns the Erie, Champlain, Ostecgo, Chemitng, and Ihe Crooked Lake canals, whose asgregate length is 530 milpa 
The 4 first are in operation, and cost 810,946,444. The canal debt, after deducting the canal fund, amimnted, Sept. 30 183l' 
to $5,815,595. The net inconte from tolls, after deducting interest tut loans, extensi\e improvements, repairs and all'other 
expenses, was, in 1830, $415,448. In 1831, the net income was 5766,731. In 1830, l-i,890 canal boats arrived at 
and departed from Albany, bringing to that place, 104,500 tons of bread sliifls, ashes, glass, lime, provisions and whiskey • 
besides large quamilies of timber, lumber, wood, &.C.; and taking from thence 39,973 tons of merchandise. In 18:11, 14 963 
canal boats arrived and departed as above: The increaseof toll, that year, was S166,990. The £m canal was cojrimen'ced 
July 4, 1817; navigated, in part, July 1, 1820, and completed Oclober, 1823. There are 13 canal companies in this state. Tho 
Hudson and Delaware canal, from the Hudson river, 90 miles above New- York, leading to the coal region in Penn. is 103 
miles long, with 16 miles of rail-road : 52,000 tons of coal were mined, and brought to tidewater on this canal, in 1831. There 
are 30 incorporated rail-road companies in this state, whose aggregate capital is $26,325,000. The valuation of tl.is state in 
1831 was $364,715,830; of which $97,321,870 w.as of property in'the city of New-York. Bank capital, $-24,033,460- Insurance 
stock, about 15,000,000. School fund, about $2,000,000. There are 4 colleges in this state, whose aggiepate n-Juiber of 
Alumni is about 2,500 ; Under-graduates, 500. There are 55 incorporated academies, and 9,3.33 school districts; in the Intler 
509,731 children receive annually 8 months' itistruction, making about 1 person at school for 3 1-2 of the whole population* 
In England, about 1 for 15of the whole population is kept at school ; in France, 1 for 17; and in Russia, 1 for 3'J7. The num- 
ber of arrivals at the port of New- York in 18J1 was 1,034 ; passengers, 31,739 ; net revenue on foreign imnoits, between 17 
and 18 million dollars. 

Among the numerous literary, religions, and charitable institutions for which the slate and citv of New-York are distin- 
guished, the .Imcrican Bible Society takes a high stand. This society was formed in 1816, is located in the city of N. York, 
and has a Board of 36 Managers, all laymen, fiom several religious denominations. It has 17 steam-power prliitin" presses' 
and large and commodious buildings. This society has 838 auxiliaries scattered throughout the Union. The nujnber of 
Bibles and Testaments issued from its formation to May, 183-2, was 1,412,500; issues in 1831, 115,803- recciota in 
1831,5107,059. Hon. John C. Smith, President. i . "-. rcciipia 

The salt springs at Onondaga lake are the property of the state: 45 gallons of the water produce a bushel of salt ■ 350grdlj 
of aea water is required to produce the same quantity. The niauufaciurers pay a duty to the state of 13 1-2 cents per bushel 
The quantity made in 1831, was 1,514,037 bushels; of which 189,000 were coarse salt of the purest quality. 

The mineral springs at Ballston and Saratoga are numerous, but generally contain the same substances, only in a greater 
or less quantity. The most celebrated of these springs is the Conjj-rfs!, at Saratoga, which has given, in analysis, 471 5graina 
muriate of soda ; 178,4 3 4 carbonate oflime; 16,5 car. of soda; 3,3 1-2 car. of magnesia, and 6,1 3-4 car. of iron' to oao 
gallon of water: carbonic acid gas, :143 cubic inches. Temperature through the year, 50° of Farenhcit. ' 



TTPVir. TERSEV — BF.RCEN Co. ]8,173— 22,414. Harkfnsaek, 2,i;00. 63N.r..ll0Tn TiOMlon.SM from Wasliiiigtnn. 

Burlington" "8-23-31, uBii. ji/o,,n( ww/t, 21 s.vv. 1515. cape may cn. 4,264— 5,930. copr jifoy c. h. 102 

« 104 CUMBEItl.AM> I'll. rJ,6W— 14,091. JSrntgiluwn, 6'^ »■ S.W . 175. ESSEX Co. 30,793— 41,9J8. A'ewark, 
16953' 49 N E 215 GLOUCESTER Co. 23,039— 28,431. (rooi/Juri/, 39 S.VV by S. 145. HUNTERDON Co. 28,li04 
— bl 066 Trenton, 3.925. 166. MIDDLESEX Co. 21,47(1— 23,157. JVeio iirunswicl, 7,831. 25 N. N. E. 193. 

MONMOUTH Co 25 038-29,233 i.Vpr//oM, 5,481. 36 E. by N. 201. MORRIS Co. 21,368— 23,580. JI/oi-risloMU, 3,536. 
55 N N E 221 SALEM Co. 14,022— 14,155. .Va/cm, 1,570. 65 S. VV. 17). SOMERSET Co. 16,506— 17,C89. Somer- 

vilie, 33'N. by E. 199. SUSSEX Co. pop. 1830, 20,349. M-cvctun, 3,298. 70 N. 228. WARREN Co. pop. 1830, 18,634. 
Belvidere 54 N by VV. 210. 

Tbe population of this slale,iii 1701, waa 15,000 ; and in 1749, 60,000. There were in New Jersey, in 1830, 25,073 white 
males and 23,951 wli. females, under 5 years of age ; 17,132 wh. males, and 16,792 wh. females, of 15 and under 20 ; 26,894 
wh. male, and 25, 839 wh. females, of 20 and uniler 30 ; 44 wh. males, and 63 wh. fenialci, of 90 and under 100 : 1 wh. male, 
and 2 do. females, of 100 years and upwards. 206 white, and 18 colored persons deaf and dumb ; 176 white, and 22 colored 
persons blind; 3,377 alicjis ; 9,498 free colored males, and 8,809 do. females; and 1,054 male, and 1,192 female slaves. 

This state is a great thorouglifare for travellers, and for tlie transportation of merchandise between the north and south. A 
rail-road from Jlmkmj, 23 miles south of New-York, to Camden on llie Delaware, opposite Philadelphia, via Bordentown, 61 
miles ; and the Delaware and Harilan canal, for sea-vcsscl navigation, from New Brunswick to l.amberton, below, and via 
Trenton, on the Delaware, 38 miles,— are in great progress and will soon be completed. The Morris canal Irom Newark, on 
the Passaic, to Easton, Penn. on tiie Delaware, 90 1-2 miles, is in successful operation. The Patterson and Hudson River 
Rail Road, from Patterson to .lersey City, 14 miles, is in progress. 

PENMSYIiVANI A.— ADAMS Co. 19,370—21,379. Oetlysiurgh, 1,473. 34 S.W. by S. from Harrisburg. 76 from 
W ALLEGHANY Co. 34,921—50,506. Piltsburgh citv, 12,542. 201 W. 223. ARMSTRONG Co. 10,324—17,625. Kittaning, 
1 620. 183 W. by N. 215. BEAVER Co. 15,340-94,2(10. Beaver, 914. 229 W. by N. 251. 

BEDFORD Co. 20,248— 24,,536. Bedford, Hia. 105 VV. by S. 126. BERKS Co. 46,275— 53,357. Reading, 5,Sf,9. Si Ey 
by N 143 BRADFORD Co. 11,554—19,069. Towanda, 128 N. by E. 239. BUCKS Co. 37,843—45,740. JJoylestoicn, 
107 E. 160. BUTLER. Co. 10,193—14,683. Butler, 580. 204 W. by N. 2.36. 

CAMBRIA Co. 3,287—7,079. Ebensburgli, 270. 131 W. by N. 178. CENTRE Co. 13,796—18,765. Bellefonte, 699. 85 
N. W. 192. CHESTER Co. 44,451—50,908. West Chester, 1,258. 75 E. S. E. 115. 

CLEARFIELD Co. 2,342— 4,803. Clearfield, 129 N. W. by W. 201. COLUMBIA Co. 17,621—20,049. Danville, 65 
N. by E. 175. CRAWFORD Co. 9,397—16,005. Mmdmlte, 1,070. 236 W. N. W. 297. 

CUMBERLAND Co. 23,606—29,218. Carlisle 2,523. 18 W. by S. 104, DAUPHIN Co. 21,65.1—25,303. Harrisbuho, 
4,311.110. DELAWARE Co. 14,810— 17,361. C/iMJcr, 848. 95 E. S. E. 121. ERIE Co. 8,553— 16,906. £ne, 1,329. 
272 N. VV. by W. 33:i. FAYETTE Co. 27,285—29,237. Uniantown, 1,341. 184 W. by S. 193. 

FRANKLIN Co. 31,892—35,103. Chambcrsburgh, 2,794. 48 S. W. by W. 90. GREENE Co. 15,554—18,028. Waynes- 
burgh, 222 W. by S. 229. HUNTINGDON Co. 20,142—27,159. Huntingdon, 90 W. bv N. 148. 

INDIANA Co. 8,882-14,251. Indiana, 433. 157 W. by N. 189. JEFFERSON Co. 561—2,225. Broakville, 165 N. W.- 
by W. 238. LANCASTER Co. 68,336—76,558. Lancaster, 35 S. E. by E. 109. 

LEBANON Co. 16,988—20,546. Lebanon, 7,704. 24 E. N. E. 134. LEHIGH Co. 18,895-22,266. AUentou>n, 85 E. N. 
E. 178. LUZERNE Co. 20,027—27,304. ffilksbarre, 9,233. 114 N. E. bv N. 229. 

LYCOMING Co. 13,517—17,637. IVilliamsport 87 N. by W. 196. McKEAN Co. 728—1,439. Smilhport, 200 N. W 
by N. 273. MERCER Co. 11,681— 19,731. Jl/crMr, 656. 235 W.N. W. 267. MIFFLIN Co. 16,618— 21,529. Lewistown, 
1,479. ,55 N. W. bv W. 162. MONTGOMERY Co. 35,793—39,404. J^orristown, 1,626. 83 E. by S. 143. 

NORTHAMPTON Co. 31,765— 39,207. Gaston, 101 E. N. E. 190. NORTHUMBERLAND Co. 15,424— 18,168. Sun- 
lury. 1,057. !)2 N. 162. PERRY Co. 11,342—14,257. JVcio Bloomfield, 3,529. 36 W. by N. 122. 

PHILADELPHIA City and County, 137,087-188,961. Philadelphia, BS E.S. E. JX. PIKE Co. 2,894—4,843. Mil- 
ford, 157 N. E. by E. 249. POTTER Co. 186—1,265. Cowdfrsport, 174 N. W. by N. 283. 

SCHUYLKILL Co. 11,339— 20,783. Orwigsbnrgh.nS. iSH.E. 167. SOMERSET Co. 13,974— 17,441. Somerset, 
649. 143 W. by S. 165. SUSQUEHANNA'H Co. 9,660— 16,777. JI/o)i(ros<',415. 163 N. N.E. 271. 

TIOGA Co. 4,021— 9,062. M'Wfcioroi/rr/i, 147 N. by W. 253. UNION Co. 18,619—20,749. JiJ-ew Berlin, 60 J^.hy W. 
168. VENANGO Co. pop. 1820, 4,915. FronHin, 212 W. N. W. 279. VVAHREN Co. pop. 1820, 1,970. fTarrcn, 249 
N. W. 313. WASHINGTON Co. pop. 1820, 40,038. Washington, 212 W. 229. 

WAYNE Co. 4,127—7,603. Bethany, 327. 162 N. E. by N. 265. WESTMORELAND Co. 30,540—38,400. Greens- 
burgh, 810. 170 W. 192. YORK Co. 38,759—43,058. York, 4,216. 24 S. by E. 87. 

The population of Philadelphia in 1731 was 12,000— in 1753, 18,000— in 1790, 42,520— in 1800, 70,287— in 1810, 96,664— and 
iD 1820, 119,325. The population of Pittsburgh, in 1800,1,565— in 1830, between 17 and 18,000, including the suburbs. 

There were in this state in 1830, 117,120 white males, and 112,085 do. females, under 5 years of age — 74,351 wh. males, and 
76,649 do. females of 15 and under 20—120,862 wh. males, and 115,423 do. females, of 20 and under 30—46,536 wh. males, 
and 44,222 do. females, of 40 and under 50 — 28,060 wh. males, and 27,749 do. females, of 50 and under 60 — 1,919 wh. males, 
and 2,032 do. females, of 60 and under 90—217 wh. males, and 236 do. females, of 90 and under 100 — and 37 wh. males, and 
20 do. lemales, of 100 years and upwards. There were 712 white, and 36 colored persons, deaf and dumb — 443 while, and 
28 colored persons who were blind — and 15,365 ahens. 

There are 7. Universities or Colleges in this state, the oldest of which is the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, 
founded in 1755, and of which W. H. De Lancey, D. D. is President. 

The societies of Friends in this state are quite numerous; the Episcopalians have 60 ministers ; the Presbyterians 429 
churches, 248 clergy, and 38,873 communicants; the Baptists, 144 churches, 96 ministers, and 7,561 communicants; the 
Methodists, 140 preachers and 46,390 members ; the German Reformed Church, 282 churches, and 73 ministers. The jlsso- 
eiate Presbyterians, 39 congregations, 18 ministers, and 4,180 communicants ; the Evangelical Lutherans, 2 synods ; the 
X>u(cA iic/ormed CAi/rcA, 6 churches and 6 ministers; the C/ni7cd BrfrArf ft have about 15 congregations ; the Unitarians, 5 
congregations and 3 ministers ; the Roman Catholics are numerous, and there are some Universalists, Jews, and other sects. 

Nothing can better illustrate tlie wise policy of the people of this state, than a good map of Pennsylvania. We there (ind 
canals and railroads intersecting the exteusive and fertile territory of this state in almost every direction ; crossing the Alle- 
ghany mountains to the Ohio river ; reaching the northern and western lakes, and bringing the boundless treasures of her 
coal mines, and a vast inland commerce, to the banks of the Schuylkill and Delaware. Aggregate length of the canals in this 
stale in 1831, 728 miles. State debt, $12,512,520— slate property, same year, 815,174.187. 

About a mile and a half from the centre of Philadelphia, stands Fair Mount, a beautiful and lasting monument of the 
enterprize and wisdom of the people of that city. At that place a dam is thrown across the river Schuylkill 900 feet in length. 
Suitable buildings are erected below, on the margin of the river, in which are a number of forcitig pumps, which raise the 
water to a number of reservoirs on the top of the Mount, 102 feet above the surface of the river, and 56 feet above the highest 
ground in the city. These reservoirs constantly contain from 8 to 12 million gallons of water, and from 60 to 70 miles of 
pipe lead it into every section of the city. Ten million gallons can be raised daily. About two million gallons daily is the 
usual demand in summer months. The cost of the present works was ^432,512. Revenue in 3829, $56,693. Since the city 
has been thus supplied with pure and wholesome water, the yellow fever has been almost a stranger witliin its limits. 

DBIiA'WARB.-KENT Co. 20,793— 19,911. DovEK, 114 from W. NEWCASTLE Co. 37,899— 29,710, Jfeu- 
Castle, 4-2 ti. 103. IVilmington, 47 N. 108. SUSSEX Co. 24,057— 27,118. Georgetown, 40 S. by E. 122. 

There were in this state in 1830, 4,747 white males, and4,64(jdo. females, under 5 years of age — 3,179 white males, and 3,380 
do. females, of 15 and under 20 — 2,036 wh. males, and 2,047 do. females of 40 and under 50 — 201 wh. males and 263 do. fe- 
males, of 70 and under 80 — 1 white female of 100 and upwards. There were 574 male slaves, and 506 female do. under 10 
years of age — 257 male slaves and 241 female do. of 24 and under 36 — 44 male slaves, and 49 female do. of 55 and under 100 
— and 3 slaves of each sex of 100 and upwards. 1 

The Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, 13 1-2 miles in length, from Delaware city, on tlie Delaware river, 45 miles below 
Philadelphia, to a branch of the Chesapeake bay, about 70 miles from Baltimore, is a work of great national importance, 
inasmuch as it unites the great waters of the Delaware and Chesapeake by a safe navigation for sea vessels of ten feet 
draught of water, thus avoiding a tedious and often dangerous passage round cape Charles, of between three and four hun- 
dred miles. For the year ending June 1, 1831, 5,280 passages of vessels of different descriptions were made through this 
canal, with passengers, and merchandise of various kinds. The tolls received that year amounted to $62,323. The cost or 
this canal exceeds two millions. The Rail-road from Newcastle on the Delaware to Frenchtown, Md. 16 miles, crossing 
this state in nearly the same direction with the canal, is in operation, and greatly facilitates the progress of travellers. 

MARVIjAND.— ALLEGHANY Co. 8,654—10,602. Cumberland, 165 W. N. W. from Annapolis, 133 from W 
ANNE ARUNDEL Co. 27,165— 28,295. Annjpous, 2,693. 37 from W. BALTIMORE Co. 96,201— 120,826. Baltimore city 
80,625. 30 N. by W. 38. CALVERT Co. 8,073—8,899. Prince Fredericktown, 63 S. 56. CAROLINE Co. 10,008-9,070' 
Benton, 44 E. by S. 81. CHARLES Co. 16,500— 17,666. Pore y'oJocco, 69 S. W. bv S. 33. CECIL Co. 16,048— 15,432 
Elkton, 80 N. E. by N. 88. DORCHESTER Co. 17,759—18,685. Cambridge, 62 S. E: 99. FREDERICK Co. 40,459—15,793 
Frederick, 4,^T. 76 N.W. by W. 43. HARTFORD Co. 15,924— 16,315. ZJciair, 53 N. by E. 61. KENT Co. 11,453— 10,.509. 
CAts(i-rloi/in, 47 N. E. byE. 8i. MONTGOMERY Co. 16,400—19,816. florAi'iV/f, 59 W. by N.15. PRINCE GEORGES Co. 
M,216— 20,473. Upper Malborough, 23 S.W. 18. QUEEN ANN Co. 14,952—14,396. Centreville, 32 E. by N. 69. 

ST. MARY'S Co. 12,974—13,455. Lronardtown, 82 S. by W. 63. SOMERSET Co. 19,579—20,155. Princess Jinn, 107 
B. E. 144. TALBOT Co. 14,389— 12,947. Baslon, 47 S. E. by E. 84. WASHINGTON Co. 23,075— 25,265. Hagerstown, 
*,371. 101 N.W. by W. 68. WORCESTER Co. 17,421—18,971. Suowhill, 197 S. E. 164. 

The population of tliis state in 1660 was 19,000— in 1701, 25,000— and in 1763, 70,000 whites. The pop. of Baltimore in 
1775, was 5,934— in 179U, 13,503— in 1800, 26,614— in 1810, 46,555— and in 1820, 62,738. 

There were in this state in 1830, 23,739 white males, and 29,355 do. females, under 5 years of age — 29,390 white males, and 
97,245 females, of 20 and under 30—24 white, and 238 colored persons, of 100 years and upwards— 139 white and 82 colored 
persons, deaf and dumb— 156 white, and 117 colored persons, blind— and 4,833 "aliens. 

The Baltimore and Ohio Rail-road, from Baltimore to Cincinnati, 250 miles in length, will soon be completed ; a consid- 
erable part of it is now in successful operation. 



TITSTRICT OP COJjUMBIA.—WAPHKNGTOX Tiiv cind Couniy, )5,9"(!— 21,830. arorgetown, 7,360— 
8 3<il:; ALEXANDRIA nnd Couiily, H.IOS— !I.(W. There wtTe in iliis District, 1830, 2,345 wiiite in.nles, ami 2,182 do 
rem-iii-s I'niit-r 5 years' 2,705 wh. iiiules, oiul -2,804 do. females, of 20 and under 30; 1,917 wll. males, and 1,751 do. females, 
iif 30 aiid under 40; 25 wh males, mid 30 do. females, of SO ami under flO; and 1 white, and 3 colored males, and 2 colored 
temales, of 100 years and upiyards; 12 white, and 3 colored persons, deaf and dumb ; and 14 white, and 8 colored persons, 

The CityoV Wasliinoron was planned under the direction of Georire Washington, in i;91, with his usual taste and judg- 
ment Tlie populiitioiT of this city in 1800 was 3,210,— of >vhicli 023 were slaves, and 123 free colored persons ; in 1820, 9,606 
wliites 1,045 slaves, and 1,005 free colored persons ; und in 1830, 13,379 w hites, 2,319 slaves, and 3,139 free colored persons. 

The Capitol in \Vashinsion is in a commanding position, 73 feet above tide water, and covers one and a half acres and 1,8211 
muare feci of land, exclusive of its circular enclosure, and elegant area and glacier on the west Iront. 

Tlie President's House is 180 feet long bv H5 wide, of free stone, 2 stories high, with a lofty basement. It occupies an ele 
vated situation, in tlic centre of a large" reservation of ground,— commanding a view lo the south, extremely beautiful and 
picturesque. The number of public buildings in lliis city in 1831 was 05; total number of buildings, 3,708; of which there 
were 19 for public worship, viz. for tlie K/;/5CH;)a/ian5, 3; Prcslt/tcrianB, 4; Catholics,^; J\Iethodtsts,3; Frimda^l; Bap 
tifits^ 3; Unitarians^ 1 ; and .Ifricans^ 2. 

The expenditures in this city for llie accommodation of the f Jovernmrnt of the United States are 54,254,858. The Capitol 
alone has cost §2,432,844. The sales of, and present value of unsold lands, wharves, Uc. in Washington, belonging to the 
United States, Willi donations from Virginia and Maryland of 5'192,C00, amount lo 84,139,846. The U. S. property in Wash- 
ington is not ta.vetl for city purposes. 

Columbia Cotlei'i, about 1 1-2 miles north of the President's House,— in full view of the city and surrounding country, on a 
plot of land of 47 'acres,— was founded 18 J 1. Instructors, 4— Undergraduates, 50— Vols, in Libraries, 4,000. Stephen Chapin, 

D. D. President. The number of deaths in Washington in 1831, 187 adults, 193 children,— total, 380. 

Tile Chcsai,eak! and Ohio Canal, 360 miles in length, from Georgcluwn lo the Ohio liver, near Pittsburgll,Fenn. is in pro- 
gress, and will soon be in operation. 

•WIRGIITIA.— There are 106 Counties in this State. AUGUSTA Co. 10,742-19,925. Staunton, 1,726. 121 N. Vf: 
bvW frimiHichmond, 103 from W. DINWIDDIE Co. 13,792— 18,037. Pelersburgh (OKin, 8,322. 22 S. 144. 

'HENKICO Co. 11,600— 12,738. ItlcUMOND «!?/, 16,060. 122. NORFOLK Co. 15,478—14,993. Aor/oU', Soroi/ffA, 9,816. 
114 S. by E. 217. OHIO Co. 9,182—15,590. Ilhcclint;, 5,221. 357 N. W. 204. SPOTSYLVANIA Co. 14,2f4— 11,920. 
Fredericksburi'h, (otcn, 3,307. 60 N. 56. 

The popnlaiion of this Slate in 1 042 was 20,000— in 1060, 30,000— in 1703, 60,00D-in 1749, 85,000— and in 1763, 70,000 
whiles, and 100,000 negroes. In 18.30, there were in this state 65,781 white males, and 02,4W do. females, under 5 years of 
a^e— 00,825 wli. males, and 62,0.59 do. females, of 20 and under 30 — 8,9G7 wh. ntflles, and 8,775 do. females, of 60 and under 
70—23 white males, and 26 do. females, of 100 years and upwards. There were 43,214 male, and 40,853 female slaves, of 24 
and under 36—3,537 free cidored males, and 4,394 do. females, of 24 and under 36—322 colored persons of 100 years and up- 
wards. There were also 422 white, and 132 colored persons deaf and dumb — 374 while, and 445 colored persons who were 
blind— and 756 aliens. 

The Presbyterians in Ibis state have 104 churches, 90 clergy, and 7,508 communicants— the Baptists 337 churches, 192 
ministers, and about 40,000 communicants — the Mct/iodists, 77 preachers and 27,947 ineinbers— the Episcavalians, 45 minis- 
lers- llie Friends liave many societies- and there are some l.utkeravs, Roman Catholics and Jetcs. 

There are four colleges in this state, whose aggregate number of students is 267. 

NORTH CAROLINA.- There are 04 Counties in this stale. CRAVEN Co. 13,394—14,325. Jfewbern, 3,775. 
120 S E. by E. from Raleiah, 337 from W. CUMBERLAND Co. 14,440—14,824. Favtteville, 2,868. 61 S. bv W. 347. 

ROWAN Co. 26,009—20,790. Salisbury, 1,613. 118 W. 379. WAKE Co. 20,102—20,417. Rai-eiqh, 1,700. 270. 

The population of this state in 1701 was'5,000— in 1749, 45,000— in 1703, 95,000 whites. Tiiere were in this slate in 1830. 
87.976 white males, and 93,045 do. females, of 20 and under 00 — 34,195 male, and 33,018 female slaves, of 24 and under 55— 
2,465 free colored males, and 2,833 do. females of 24 and under 55 — 49 while, and 255 colored persons of 100 and upwards— 
194 white, and 79 colored persons deaf and dumb— 215 white, and 157 colored tiersons, blind — and 206 aliens. 

The University of N. C. was founded 1791. Alumni, 434 — Instructors, 9 — Under-graduates, 69— Vols, in Libraries, 4,800. 

The Baptists in this stale have 272 churches, 139 ministers, and 15,530 coinmunicanls — the Presbyterians 126 churchei 
and about 6,000 communicants— the Methodists, 32 preachers and 12,040 members— the Lutherans, 45 congregations, and 
1,888 communicants — the £pi>c(j;>a/ian5, 11 ministers — llie United Brethren, \~i21 members — and the Friends, a number of 
societies. 

SOUTH CAROLINA.— ABBEVILLE District, 23,167— 28,134. Mbeville, 100 W. by N. from Columbia, 534 
frumW. CHARLLSTclN Dist. C/jarifsto/i, 110 S. E. by S. 544. GEORGETOWN Dist. 17,603— 19,943. Georgetown,lZi 

E. S. E. 482. LAURENS Dist. 17,682—20,863. J.aurens C. H. 79N.W.by W. 498. 

RICHLAND Dist. 12,321—11,405. Columbia, 500. SUMPTER Dist. 25,309—28,278. S«m;>((Tt!!«c, 44 E. by S. 431. 

The population of this slate in 1701 was 7,000— in 1749, 30,000— in 1705, 40,000 whiles and 90,000 people of color. The 
population of Charleston in 1790 was 16,359— in 1800, 18,712— in 1810, 24,711— in 1820, 24,780— and in 1830, 30,289. There 
were in this stale in 1830, 25,131 wliite males, and 23,727 do. females, under 5 years of age — 50,097 white males, and 49,215 do. 
females, of 20 and under 60 — 33 white, and 207 colored persons, of 100 and upwards — 172 while, and 67 colored persons 
(leaf and dumb — 99 white, and 129 colored persons blind — and 498 aliens. There were in this stale in 1830, 51,411 male slaves 
and 54,742 female do. of 24 and under 55 — 1,046 free colored males, and 1,292 do. females, of 24 and under 55. 

The vUf/Aorfis/s in liiis stale iia\e 54 preachers and 2,500 members — the jBapr/sr^, 159 churches, 131 ministers, and 12,320 
communicants — the Presbyterians, 77 churches, 46 ordained ministers, and 6,671 communicants — the Episcopalians, 34 min- 
isters — there are also some of oilier denominations. 

'There are two colleges in this stale, whose aggregate number of Alumni is 517 — Under-graduates, 172 — Vols, in Lib. 11,000. 

A Rait-Hoad, 135 miles in length, from Hamburg, on the Savannali river, opi)osile to Augusta, Geo. lo the city of Charles- 
ton, is in progress: part of it is in operation. 

GBORG-IA.-There are 76 Counties in this Slate. BALDWIN Co. 5,665—7,289. Milledoevillii, 1,599. 642 from 
W. CHATHAM Co. 14,737— 14,230. SufunnaA, 7,303. 167 S. E. by E. 662. RICHMOND Co. 8,608— 11,644. Jlususta, 
6,696. 90 E.N. E. 580. 

There were in this stale in 1830, 33,111 ^vhite males, and 30,971do. females, under 5 years of age — .58,280 wh. males, and 
51,372 do. females, of 20 and under GO — 32,463 male slaves, and 32,840 female do. of 24 and under 55 — 35 white, and 201 
colored persons of 100 years and upwards— 147 white, and 56 colored persons, deaf and dumb— 143 white, and 119 colored 
persons, blind — and 86 aliens. 

The t/niucrsiry o/ Oforfi-ia, al Athens, 76 miles north from Milledgeville, was founded 1785. Alumni, 256; Instructors, 
7 : Under-graduates, 95 ; S^ols. in Libraries, 4,250. 

In this state llie Roman Catholics liave 3 churches and three ministers; the Christ-ians 3 churches and 28 ministers; the 



Presbyterians, 55 churches, 31 ministers, ami 3,034 communicants ; the Episcopalians, 4 churches and 4 ministers; Ihe Bap- 
tists, 390 churches, 205 ministers, and 31,797 communicanls ; and the Methodists, 64 preachers and 27,038 members. 

ALABAMA.— This slate has 36 counties. DALLAS Co. Cakaba, 96 S. by E. from Tuscaloosa, and 888 from 
W. LAUDERDALE Co. Florence, 146 N. by W. 796. BIOBILE Co. Mobile, 226 S. by W. 1,033. TUSCALOOSA Co 
Tuscaloosa, 858. Mobile is the largest town in this state, population 3,194. 

There were in this slate in 1830, 17,347 white males, and 14,463 do. females, of 20 and under 30— 11.076 male slaves 
and 11,790 female do. of 24 and under 36— 182 free col. males, and 126 do. females, of 34 and under 36—14 white, and 62 col! 
persons, of 100 and upwards— 84 wh. and 25 col. persons, deaf and dumb — 70 \vliite, and 42 col. persons, blind— and 73 aliens. 

The i^flptisis in tills state have 219 churches, 130 ministers, and 8,953 communicants; the Methodists, 44 preachers and 
13,504 members; the Presbyterians, 38 churches, 27 ordained ministers, and 1,669 communicants ; the Episcopalians, 2 min- 
isters; \\\e Roman CdlAo/tcs, 9 ministers. 

MISSISSIPPI.— This Slate is divided into 26 counties. ADAMS Co. JVatchez, 112 S. W. by S. from Jackson 1146 

from W. HINDS Co. Jackson. 1035. JEFFERSON Co. i^«?/d(t, 93 S. W. by S. 1127. WILKINSON Co. fVood- 
ville, 148 S.S. W. 1182. Population of Natchez, the largest town, 2,790. 

There were in this state in 1830, 15,869 white males, and 11,059 do. temales, of 20 and under 60 ; 10,425 male slaves, and 
10,176 female do. of 24 and under 55 ; 2 white and 45 colored persons of 100 and upwards ; 29 white and 11 colored persons 
deaf and dumb — 25 white, and 28 colored jiersons blind, and 82 aliens. 

Tile Episcopalians in this slate iiave 4 ministers; the Presbyterians 25 churches, 21 ordained ministers, and 940 commu- 
nicanls ; Ihe Methodists, 23 preachers and 5,918 members ; the Baptists, 58 churches, 12 ministers, and 1,714 communicants ; 
and there are some Roman Catholics. 

LOUISIANA.— This state is divided into 31 parishes. ASCENSION P. 3,728—5,400. Donaldsonmlle, 75 W. 
from N. O. 1278 from W. NATCHITOCHES P. 7,486— 7,926. JValcAilocAcs, 354 N. W. by W. 1,328. ORLEANS P 
41,351—50,103. New Orleans, 1,203 from Vf. 

The population of the French colony of Louisiana in 1763 was 11,496 ; of New Orleans in 1810, 17,242 ; in 1820, 27,176 
and in 1830, 46,310. i i i 

There were in this slate in 1830, 10,402 while males, and 6,940 do. females of 20 and under 30—15,762 male, and 13,499 
female slaves of 24 and under 30— 10 white persons and 76 slaves of 100 years and upwards— 45 white, and 22 colored 
persons deaf and dumb— 38 while, and 80 colored persons wlio were blind— and 1,700 aliens. 

The country around New Orleans is so exceedingly level that the Rail Road from that place lo LaSe Poncharlrain, a dis- 
tance of 4 1-2 miles, perfectly straight, has a rise and fall of only 16 inches. 

MISSOURI —This stale has 33 counties. COLE Co. Jefferson City, 980 from W. SI. LOUIS Co. 10,049—14,907. 
'it. Louts, ,5,85., 134 E. by N. 856.- There were in this slate in 1830, 11,150 white males, and 8854 do. females of 20 and 
under JO— 2,058 male, and 2,195 female slaves, of 24 and under 36 — 4 while, and 47 colored persons of 100 ytare and 
upwards— 9 while, end 3 colored personj deaf and dumb— 26 white, aiid 7 colored peisonj blind— »nd 155 aliens. 



TENNESSEE.— There arc 62 counties in this stale. DAVIDSON Co. 50,154—22,523. Nasbvilie, 5,5C6, ni 
from W. JACKSON Co, 7,593—9,902. Oamsboriiugh, 79 N. E. by E. 652. KNOX Co. 13,034—14,498. Knoxville, 199 E 
by N. 516. LINCOLN Co. 14,761—22,086. FayctUcitle, 73 S. by W. 722. MAURY Co. 22,141—28,153. Columbia, ii S. 
W. by S. 7.13. MONTGOMERY Co. 12,219—14,305. C;ari-.«tiiHe, 48 N. W. by VV. 746. RUTHERFORD Co. 19,552— 
26,133. Murfreesborougk, 33 S. E. 686. WASHINGTON Co. 9,557—10,995. Jonesborougli, 298 E. by N. 429. 
WILLIAMSON Co. 20,640-26,608. Franklin, 18 W. by N. 732. 

There were in this stale in 1830, 44,711 white males, and 42,858 do. females, of 20 and under 30—11,264 male, and 12,221 
female slaves, of 24 and under 36—56 whiles, and 03 slaves of 100 years and upwards — 180 white, and 26 colored persona 
deaf and dumb — 177 white, and 41 colored persons blind — and 121 aliens. 

JIjIjIITOIS.— There are 52 counties in this state. CRAWFORD Co. 3,022—3,113. Palestine, 118 E. from V. (by the 
mail route,) 718 from W. F.^YETTE Co. VANn\LlA, 781 from W. GREENE Co. Carrolton, 106 W. N. W. 887. 
JO-DAVIESS Co. Oaleiia, 326 N. by W. 990, MADISON Co. Edwardsville, 55 W. S. W, 836. MORGAN Co. 
Jacksojirille, mti.W. by W. Sil. RANDOLPH Co, A'asAasiza, 95 S. S. W. 807. SANGAMON Co. SpriagJtM.lS 
N, W, 801. 

There were in this state in 1830, 14,708 white mates, and 12, 279 do, females, of 20 and under 30 — 2,856 white males, and 
2,021 do, females, of 50 and under 60 — 5 white, and 7 colored persons, of 100 years and upwards — 64 white persons deaf and 
dumb — 36 white, and 3 colored persons, blind — and 447 aliens, A canal is in progress, 70 miles in length, to unite the Illinois 
River with Lake ."Michigan, 

INDIANA.— This state is divided in 64 counties, FLOYD Co, 2,776—6,363. JVcto .many, 121 S. by E, from I. 
594 from W, JEFFERSO.N Co, 8,038— 11,465, Jl/arf/son, 85 S, S, E. 576, KNOX Co, 5,437— 6.557. Fincenncs, 126 
S. W. 693, MARION Co, Ixdiakapolis, 573, SWITZERLAND Co, 3,934—7,111. Feuay, 105 S.E, by S, 556, WASH- 
INGTON Co, 9,039—13,072, Salem, 91 S, 013, 

There were in this state in 1830,27,077 white males, nnil 26,170 do. females of 20 and under 30— 3,189 white mates, 
and 2,175 do. females, of 60 and under 70 — 12 white, and 7 colored persons of 100 years and upwards — 104 \vhite, and 1 
colored persons deaf and dumb — 72 white, and 2 colored persons, blind — and 280 aliens, 

KENTTTCK'y.-Tlns state has 83 counties, BOURBON Co, 17,664— 18,434. Paris, 1,219, 43 E. from Frantifort, 516 
from W, CIIKISTIAN Co. 10,459—12,094. Hopkinsvillc. 1,263. 206 S.W,by W. 745, FAYETTE Co. 23,250—25 174 
Lexington, 6,104. 25 S,E,byS.534. FR.^NKLIN Co 11,024—9,251, Frankfokt, 1,680,551, JEFFERSON Co 20 768— 
84,002, /,(Juisoi7;<?, 10,352. 52 W, 5!I0. LOGAN Co. 14,423— 13,002. Rvsselvillc, l,3o8. niS.W.11\. MASON Co. 13'588— 
16,203. Maysville, 2,040. 07 N. E. by E. 478. NELSO.N Co. 16,273—14,916. Bardstown, 1,625,55 S, W. 606, SCOTT Co. 
14,219—14,677, Georgetown,!,^. 17 E, by N, 534. SHELBY Co. 21,047—19,039. Stielbyville, 1,201. 21 W. 572, 

There were in this slate in 1830, 54,238 white males, and 50,701 do. females, under 5 years of age ; 45,384 white males, and 
41,579 do, females, of 20 and under 30 ; 13,386 male slaves, and 14,177 fcJnale do. of 24 and under 36; 38 white, and 128 colored 
persons of 100 years and upwards; 283 while, and 42 colored persons deaf and dumb; 156 white, and 78 colored persons who 
were blind — and 173 aliens. 

There are 6 colleges in this state, whose acgregale number of students is 496. The Baptists in this state have 25 associa- 
tions, 442 churches, 289 ministers, and 37,520 communicants; tlle jMetkodists, 77 preachers, and 23,935 members; the Presby- 
terians, 103 churcljes, 61 ordained ministers, and 7,832 communicants; i\x^ Episcopalians, ^ia\nistGl&; the Cumberland Prea ' 
byterians are numerous; and there are about 30 Roman Catholic priests, 

OHIO.— ADAMS Co, 10,406—12,278. West Pnion, 429, 101 S. S. W. from Columbus,460fromW, ALLEN Co 
Wapagltkiinetta ia new county) 110 N, W. by W, 507, ASHTABULA Co, 7,382—14,584, Jefferson, 270, 191 N E 325 
ATHENS Co, 6,338—9763. jithens, 729—73 S, E, 344, BELMONT Co. 20,329—28,412. St Clairsville, 789 124 E 
275, BROWN Co, 13,350— 17,867. Gcor^c/OKn, 325, 104 S. S. W. 480. BUTLER Co. 21,746— 27,044. Hamilton I mi 
101 W. S. W. 488. CHAMPAIG.^J Co. 8,479—12,130. Urbanna, 1,102, 50 W. N. W. 447. CLARK Co 9 533— 13'o74 
Sprino-ficW, 1,080, 43 W. 439. CLERMONT Co. 15,820— 20,406. .e«(ni.iri, 426, 109 S. W. hy S. 476. CLINTON Co 8 085 
—11,292. IVdmington, 607,67 S. W. 444. COLUMBIANA Co. 22,033—35,508, J^em-Usbon, 1,138, 152 E N E 282 
COSHOCTON Co. 7,086—11,163, Coshocton. 333, 84 E. N. E. 336. CRAWFORD Co. {new) pop. in 1830, 4 778 Buc'iirus' 
298, 69 N. 409. CUYAHOGA Co. 6,328— 10,360. Cfcm.T/dn.;, 1,076, 138 N, E, by N, 354, DARK Co, 3,717— 6 203 Orecn- 
ville, 160, 103 W, by N, 501, DELAWARE Co, 7,639—11,523. Delaware, 532, 23 N. 419. FAIRFIELD Co 'l6 633— 
24,788. /,aiicas(<T, 1,530, 28 S. E. 372. FAYETTE Co. 6,310— 8,180. (♦'asAiji^tim, 300, 45 S. W. by S. 422. FRANKLIN 
00,10,293-14,766, Columbus, 2,437, 396, GALLIA Co, 7,098— 9,733, Giii<i>o(«, 755, 108 S, S, E, 302 GEAUGA Co 
7,791—15,813. Chardon, 881, 157 N. E. 332. GREENE Co. 10,529—15,084. Xcnia, 919, .57 W. S. W. 453. GUERNSEY' 
Co. 9,293— 18,036. Cam4riV/jf, 518, 83 E. 314. HARDIN Co. (nrio) Hardy, 69 W. by N. 436. HAMILTON Co 31 764— 
52,321. Cincinnati, 24,831, 112 S. W. 497. HANCOCK Co. (new) pop. in 1830,813. Findlay,52, 114 N. N VV 502 
HARRISON Co. 14,345—20,920. Cadiz, 820, 124 E. by N. 278. HENRY Co. (new) Damascus, 161 N.W 485. HIGIIL AND 
Co. 12,308— 16,347. Hillsborough, Sei,7i S.S.W. .14!. HOCKING Co. 2,130— 4,008. iotran, 97, 47, S. E 370 HOLMES 
Co. (.new) pop. in 1830, 9,133. Millersburgh, 319, 80 N. E. 341. HURON Co. 6,675-13,345. Morwalk, 310 113 N bv E 
399. JACKSON Co. 3,746— 5,974. Jactson, 329, 74 S. S. E. 387. JEFFFRSON Co. 18,531— 23,489. Stubenville'i 937' 
149 E. by N. 260. KNOX Co. 8,326— 17,124. Mount Vernon, hOai, 45 N. E,. 375. LAWRENCE Co. 3,499— 5 366' Bur- 
lington, WJ, 135 S.by E. 403. LICKING Co. 11,861— 20,864. JVcioarA, 999,34 E. by N. 362. LORAIN Co (ncaj) oon in 
1830, 5,096, Elyria, 668, 130 N. N. E. 377. LOGAN Co. 3,181—6443. Belle Fontaine, 266, 62 W. N. W. 458. MADISON 
Co. 4, 799— 6,190. Z.on</on, 249, 27 W. S. W. 423. MARION Co. (new) pop. in 1830,0,558. Marion 287 47 N 416 
MEDINA Co. 3,082— 7,560. Medina, 622, 111 N. E. by N. 357. MEIGS Co. 4,480—6,159. Chester, 164 94 S E 343' 
MERCER Co. (new) pop. in 1830, 1,110. St. Mary's, 92, 111 W. N. W. 508. MIAMI Co. 8,851—12,806. Trou 504 78 w' 
by N. 474. MONROE Co. 4,645—8,770. Woodsficld, 157, 140 E. by S. 294, MONTGOMERY Co. 15,999—34,252 Daiitati 
2,965, 66 W, by S, 462, MORGAN Co, 5,297— 11,796, Mc Connellsoille,Wl,V> m. S. E.'UO. MUSKINGUM Co 17 8>4-^ 
29,325, ZaiiMui;;!;, 3,094, 59 E,-336, PAULDING Co. (hot.) PERRY Co, 8,429— 14,018, Suramcrsff, 576, 46 E S E 354 
PICKAWAY Co, 13,149-15,935, Circleville, 1,136, 36 S. 394, PIKE Co, 4,253-6,034, Piketon, 271, 65 S, 409 Pf IRTAGE 
Co, 10,095— 18,827. Baurano, 806, 127 N, E. 320, PREBLE Co, 10,237— 16,255, Jvolon, 511, 92 W by S 488 PUTNAM 
Co, (new) Surar Oram, 148 N, W, by N, 538. RICHLAND Co. 9,169—24,007. Mansfield, 840, 71 N,N, E 380 ROSS Co 
20,619—24,053. C4.;/ico(Af, 3,846, 45 S. 404. SANDUSKY Co. 852— 2,851. Lower .Sandusky, 35l,W3ii.'Sg SCIOTO 
Co, 5,750— 8,730, PortsmoiKA, 1,064,91 S, 431. SENECA Co. (new) pop, in 1830, 5,148, 7Mji, 248, 85 N, 431 SHELBY 
Co. 2,106— 3,671, Sydney, 240, 86 W, N, VV, 482, STARK Co. 12,406—26,784. Canton, 1,257, 116 N. E, by E 319 
TRUMBULL Co, 15,546—26,154, ll'arren, 510, 157 N. E. 397, TUSCARAWAS Co. 8.328—14,298, Kew-Philade'hhia 
410, 107, E, N, E, 314, UNION Co. 1,996—3,192. Marysville. 142, 37 N, W. 433. VAN WERT Co. (new) Wilhhire 146' 
N. W. 533. WARREN Co. 17,837—21,493, Lebanon, 1,157, 83 S, W. by W, 468, WASHINGTON Co, 10 425— li 731' 
Marietta, 1,207, 100 E, S. E. 304, WAYNE Co, 11,933—23,344. IVooster, 977, 86 N. E, 347. WILLIAMS Co (kew^ 
Dejiance, no ti.W. by N. 511. WOOD Co, 733— 1,095, /'errj.siiirn-;!, 182, 135 N. by W, 460, ' 

There were in this state in 1830, 96,364 white males, and 89,760 do, females under 5 years of age— 51,160 do mates and 
52,779 do. females, of 15 and under 20— 81,016 do, males, and 75,443 do, females, of 30 and under 30—31,051 do males ' and 
27,461 do, females, of 40 and under 50— 3,628 do, males, and 2,909 do, females, of 70 and under 80—21 do, males, and's do 
females, of 100 and upwards — 446 while persons deaf and dundi— 251 do. blind— and 5,524 aliens. 

The Presbyterians in this slate have 340 churches, 192 ordained ministers, and 22,150 communicants— the Methodists 91 
preachers, and 36,000 members— the Baptists, 240 churches, 140 ministers, and 8,800 comnjunicants— the Jissociate Presbv 
terians, 05 congregations, 20 ministers, and 4,225 conimunicanls- the Lutherans, 37 ministers, 8,700 comnnmicanls— the 
Episcopalians, 10 ministers— the German Reformed, 82 congregations, and 3,750 conmiunicanls— the JVem .Jerusalem Church 
4 BOclelies- the Friends and Roman Catholics are numerous, and there are some Unitarians, Universalists, and Shakers * 

Tliere arc 5 colleges in this slate, whose aggregate number of students in 1331, was 284. The number of steam-boats biiill 
on the western waters from 1811 to 1831, inclusive, was 346, of which HI were built at Cincinnati. The Ohio State 'canal 
from Cleaveland, on Lake Erie, to Porlsmouth, at the union of the Scioto and Ohio rivers, 340 miles below Pittsburg 306 
miles in length, is partly in operation ; the whole will soon be completed ; making, with the Miami Canal, from the Maumea 
on Lake Eric, to Cincinnati, 571 milesof canal passing Ihrnugh this slate, connecting the Ohio river with the great lakes 

The population ol Cincinnati in 1800, was 750— in 1810, 2,540— in 1820, 9,642— and in 1831, 28,014. 

MICHIGAN TEaETTOinr.—(17 counties.) BROWN Co. Green Bay Settlement, 511 N. W by W from 
Detroit, and 1,037 Irom W. CRAWFORD Co. Prairie du Cliien, 600 VV. by N. 1,060. MICHILIMACKINAC Co 
Mackinac, 321 N. N. VV. 487. WAYNE Co. Detroit, population of D. in 1830, 2,2-22. 526 

There were m this territory in 1830, 4,033 white males, and 2,512 do. females, of 20 and under 30-660 white mates and 
385do. lemates, ofaOand under 00— 1 white male of 100 years and upwards— 13 whites deaf and dumb— 4 do. blind— and 
1,453 aliens. 

, „^9^-ft-r''S^S,„T^'^^^TORY.— (23 counties.) ARKANSAS Co. Jlrkansas, 114 S. E. by E. from L R 
MS''.l!'S"U"'^- INDEPENDENCE Co. i;at<.«.iVte, 102 N. by E. 1,044. PULASKI Co. Little Rock, 1,068. WARM 
SPRING Co. Warm Spring, mW. by S. 1,1'm. ""vu. 

There were in this territory in 1830, 2,832 while males, and 2,009 do. females of 20 and under 30—396 male slaves and 
400lemalcdo.ot24and under 36— 2 slaves of 100 years and upwards— 8 while, and 5 colored persons deaf and dumb— 
8 white, and 2 colored persons blind— and 8 aliens, 

iTi^^J^^V-^ TEIlRITOBV.-(15 counties,) ESCAMBIA Co, PensocoJa, 2.13 W, from T, 1,050 from VV 
LEON Co. T,rnnA8BiE, 896. SlJOHN'S Co, St. Jingnstine, 292 E, S, E. 841, 

There were in this territory in 1830, 2,171 white males, and 1,447 do, females of 20 and under 30—10 white mates 
and 10 Willie Icmales of 80 and under 90— and 1 while male of 100 years and upwards-lhere were 1,830 male slaves and 
1,561 leniale do, ot24 and under 30-6 white, and 30 colored persons, deaf and dnnib-3 white, and 16 colored peranns who 
were blind — and 221 aliens, , 



Showing the distances, by the ahortest mail routes, between tlie state capitals, the principal cities, snJ 
the capitals of territories, respectively. Prepured by direction of the Postmaster General, 1831, and 
published by his permission: To which are added, the latitude and longitude of the several places. 
Lat. all North— -Lon. all West ; and calculated for the meridian of Greenwich, S' or miles East oi 
London. London is in North Lat. 51® 31'. The distances on some of the principal routes for travellevt 
in the United States, are annexed. 




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Distances on the routes trom Boston, 
Mass. to New-York, Albany and Buffa- 
lo, N. Y., Cincinnati, Ohio, and New- 
Orleans, Lou. via Long Island Sound, 
the Hudson River, the Erie Canal, Lake 
Erie, Miami Canal, and the Ohio and 
Mississippi Rivers. 

From Boston to Providence, R. I. 40 ni. 
Newport, 70— Block Island, 96~New- 
I^ondon, Conn. 119— Mouth of Ct. river, 
135— New-Haven, 1G5— Bridgeport, 17.; — 
Norwalk, 195— Sand's Point, I.. I. 217— 
Frog's Pi. 223—HeII Gate, 234— JVf?^I'ori, 
240. From AVi^ York to Manhatianville, 
on the Hudson river, 7 miles— Tat rytown, 
25— Sing Sing, 3-;»— Stoney Pt. 37— Peeks- 
kill, 41— St. Anthony's Nose, 44— West 
Pt. 51 — Newbursli, *J0 — Pouglikeepsie, 75 
-Hyde Park, 81 — Columbus, 89— Red 
Hook, 100— Catskill, 110— Hudson, 116— 
Kinderliook, 124 — Coeymans, 131 — ^Iba- 
ny, 144. From Albany to Schenectady, 
by the Erie Canal, 30 miles ; (by Ihc Mo- 
hawk and Hudson Railroad, 16) — Am- 
sterdam, 46 — Catiehnavvaga, 57 — Canajo- 
harie, 09— Little Falls, 88— Herkimer, 95 
— Uiica, 110 — Rome, 125 — Oneida Creek, 
141— Cliittenango, 154 — Maulius, 162— 
Syracuse, {salt works) 171 — Jordan, 191 
— Montezuma, 206— Lyons, 226 — Palmy- 
ra, 241— Pitlsford, 260— Rochester, 270— 
Ogden, 282— Brockport, 290— Port vi lie, 
309— Middleport, 321— Lockport, 333— 
Tonawanta. 352— Black Rock, 360— B«/- 
fato, 363. From Buffalo to the mouth of 
Ihe Maumee river, Ohio, at the western 
point of Lake Erie, by the Lake, 246 m. 
(From B. to Erie, Perm. 83— Cleveland, 
190— Detroit, 330.) From the mouth of 
the Maumee, to Fort Defiance, Ohio, by 
the Miami canal, which is nearly finished, 
56 m.— Fort St. Mary's, 116— Hardin, 135 
—Dayton, 185— Hamilton, 230— Cmcnt- 
natin 250. From Cincinnatit down the 
Ohio river, to Vovay, 65^Lniiisville, 132 
— Rock port, 277 — Mt.Vernon,353 — Mouth 
of Cumberland river, 445— Mouth of Ten- 
nessee river, 456 — To the junction of the 
Mississippi and Ohio rivers, 503 — New 
Madrid, 568— Big Prairie, 790— Mouth of 
Arkansas river, 889— Tompkins, 1026 — 
Walnut Hills, 1073 — Natchez, 1176 — 
Mouth of Red river, 1248 — Baton Rou^e, 
1449 — J^eic Orleansy 1480. Total niunber 
of miles from Boston to jVcm Orleans by 
this route, 2,723. 

From Cincinnati to Maysville, {up Ihe 
Ohio river,) 57 miles — Burlincton, 144 — 
Ganipolis,185— Marietta, 277— Wheelins, 
358— Faucetstowu, 401— Middletown, 438 
— Pittsburgh, 449. From the union of the 
Ohio and Mississippi rivers, to Si. Louis, 
18 miles below the mouth of the Missouri, 
171 miles. 

From JVcw Yorkio Mount Vernon^Wr. 
To Newark Bay, N.J. 8 miles — Elizabeth 
Town point, 10 — Amboy,23 — New Bruns- 
wick, {up the Raritan,) 35 — Princeton, 
by stage, 50 — Trenion, by do. 60 — Borden- 
town, on the Del. river, 67 — Bristol, Penn. 
77— Burlington, N. J. 78— Philadelphia, 
97— Newcastle, on the Del. 132— French- 
town, on the Chesapeake, by Rail Road, 
148— Pool's Island, 187— Baltimore, 217 
— Wasliington, 255 — Alexandria, 202 — 
Mount Vernon, on the west bank of the 
Potomac, south from VVashingion, 271 m. 

From Albany to Montreal. To Troy, 
by the Champlain canal, 7 miles — Waier- 
ford, 11— Stillwater, 23— Saratoga. 31— 
Schuylerville, 35— Fort Miller, 40— Fort 
Edward, 48— Fort Ann, 60— VVIiitehall, 
72 — Ticonderoga, by Lake Cliiunplain, 
95— Crown Point, 111— Basin Harbor, 123 
—Essex, 13.3— Burlington, 147— Port Kent, 
163 — Piattsburgh, 171 — Chazy, 186— 
Champlain, 198— St. Johns, L. C. 220— 
La Prairie, (by Land,) 238 — Montreal^ (by packel,) 247— (Quebec, 413.) From Albany to Ballstou Spa, 29— Saratoga Springs, 
35 miles. 

From Boston to Burlington, \i. Concord, Mass. 16— Groton. 32— New Ipswich, N. H. 53 — Keene, 79 — Walpole, 93 — 
Rutland, Vt. 144— Middkbury, 175— Verffemies, 200— RHWnt^ion, 210. 

From Boston to Kasiport, Me ;by Sieam-Boat.) C;ipe Ann, 36— Portsmouth, 70 — Portland, 116 — Bath, 146— Pemmaquld 
Point, 166— Belfast, 226— Caatine, 237— Machias, 332— /^a5f;ior(, 369 miles. 

From Buffalo to Ofrdcnsbvr^h. Niagara Falls, 21 miles — Lewiston, 28 — Fort Niagara, 35 — Genesee river, (on Lake On- 
tario,) 109— Great Sndiis Bay, 144— Oswego river, 172— Sackett's Harbour, 212 — Cape Vincent, 232 — Morrislown, 252— 
Ofrdensburafi, :t24 — (Montreal, by ihis route, 444.) 

From A^fw York to J^orfolk. Sandy Hook, 18— Barnegat Inlet, 74— G. Egg Harbor, 126— Cape May, 171— Cape Charles, 
311- Elizabeth river, 346— JVc-r/o//;, 358. 

From Philadelphia to J\''orf(ilk. Chester, If — Newcastle, 35 — Reedy I?land 45 — Simon's Creek, 60 — Dover, (by I.ind,) 67 — 
Camden, do. 70— Guinea T. do. PG— St. John's T. do. 94 — Bridgeville, dn. yO— Seaford, do. 106— Vienna, do. 126— Nanticoke 
Point, do. 152— Devil's Island, 159— Waikins Point, 174— Hampton Roads, 256— JVor/oM. 268. 

From Baltimore to J^orfolk. North Point, 15— Sandy Point, 29— Annapolis, 35 — Curtis Pninr, 44 — Herring Bay, 51 — 
Sharp's Island, 63— Cove Point- 79— Patuxent river, 85— Point Look-out, lO.i — Smith's Point, 113— Rappahaniioc river, 137 — 
New Point Comfort, IS.S— Old Point Comfort, 182— Elizabeth river, MiO~.Yorfolk, 200. 

From Charleston S. C. to Savannah and Avsxista, Geo. Sullivan's lelantj. 5— Light-House, 13— N. Edisto river, 36— St. 
Helena Sound, 46— Port Royal Entrance, 7'2—Tfbee Licht Hnnse, 9."^— .SaT^iMrm//. 108 — Onslow Island. 115 — Ebenezer, 13&— 
Sister's Ferry, 148— Benton's Ferry, 187— Dog Ferry, 212— Gray'a Landmg, 226— Williams' Ferry, 244— .^f'i'iiJtti, 248. 



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PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.— fieorge Washington, Vir. from 1789 to 1797. 
Born Februarv 2-2, 1732; died December 14, n'.)9. John Adams, Mass. I'rom 1797 to 1801. Born October 
19, 1735 ; died July 4, 1836. Thomas Jefl'ersoii, Vir. li-oui ISOI to 1809. Horn April -2, 1713 ; died July 4, 
1826. James Madison, Vir. from 1809 to 1817. Bom Murcli .'i, 17al. James .Monroe, Vir. from 1817 to 
1825. Born April 2, 1758; died July 4. i6-ii. Jolm Uuiucy Adams, Mass. lium 1825 to 1829. Born July 
11,1767. Andrew Jackson, Ten. from 1829. Born March 15, 1707. Salary $25,000 per annum. 

VICE PRESIDI'.NTS OF THE UXITED STATES.— John Adams, Mass. from 1789 to 1797 
Thomas Jeflerson, Vir. from 1797 to 1801. Aaron Burr, N. Y. from 1801 to 1805. George Clinton, N. Y. 
from 1805 to his decease, April 20, 1812. Elbridge Gerry, Mass., from 1813 to his decease, November 23. 
1814. Daniel D. Tompkins, N. Y. from 1817 to 1825. John C. Calhoun. S. C. from 1825. Salary 
$5,000 per annum. 

SECRETARIES OP STATE OF THE UNITED STATES.— Thomas Jefferson, Vir. from 1789 
to 1794. Edmund Randolph, Vir. from 1794 to 1795. Timothy Pickerinj, Mass. from 1795 to 1800. John 
iMarshall, Vir. from 1800 to 1801. James Madison, Vir. from 1801 to 1809. Robert Smith, Maryland, from 
1809 to 1811. Janip.s Monroe, Vir. from 1811 to 1817. John a. Adams, Mass. from 1817 to 1825. Henry 
Clay, Ken., from 1825 to 1829. Martin Van Buren, N. Y. from 1829 to May, 1831. Edwnrd Livingston, 
Lou. from May, 1831. Salary 36,000 per annum. 

JUDICIARY OF THE UNITED STATES,— CA»/ Justice, John Marshall, Richmond, Vir. ap 
pointed 1801; salary, lif500O. Associate Justices, Wm. Johnson, Charleston, S. C. appointed 1604; salarv 
S4500. Gabriel Duvall, Marietta, Md. 1811; $4500. Joseph S'.orv, Cambridge, Mass. 1811; S4500. 
Smith Thompson, N. Y. 1823; $4500. John M'Lcan, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1829; $4,500. Henry Baldwin, 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 1830 ; S4500. R. B Taney, Maryland, Attorney tieneral ; 83500. Richnn-d Peters Jun., 
Reporter; $1000. William T. Carroll, Clerk. Salary, fees of office. Annual Term at Washington, se- 
cond Monday in J anuary . 

TREASURY OF THE UNITED STATES.— Louis M'Lane.Secretary. The Secre- 

tary of the Treasury superintends all the iiscal concerns of the government, and reconnnends to Congress 
measures for improving the revenue. All accounts of the government are settled at this office, to which are 
attached two Comptrollers, five Auditors, a Treasurer, and a iiegistcr. Joseph Anderson first, & J. B.Thornton 
second Comptroller; Richard Harrison first, WiUiam B. Lewis second, Peter Hagner third, Amos Kendall 
fourth, and Stephen Pleasanton fifth Auditor ; John Campbell Treasurer ; and Thomas L. Smith Register. 
There were 140 clerks employed in this office in 1830. 'llie salaries of the various officers and clerks, the 
same year, amounted to $191,150. 

The Public debt of the U. S. for 1791, 1875,169,974. Receipts for the same year, ©10,210,026. Expendi- 
tures, $7,207,539. For 1800, $81,633,325. Receipts, $12,451,184. Expenditures, $1 1,989,740. For 1810, 
$53,156,532. Receipts, $12,144,207. Expenditures, $13,319,987. For 1816, $123,010,375. Receipts, 
$57,171,422. Expenditures, $48,244,496. For 1820, $91,015,566. Receipts, $20,881,494. Expenditures, 
$21,763,025. For 1825, $83,788,433. Receipts, $26,840,858. Expenditures, 23,585,805. For 1829, 
$48,565,405. Receipts, $24,767, 122. Expenditures, 25,071,018. Public debt 1832, $■24,322,23,'"). 

The estimated balance in the Treasury, January 1, 1832, was $1,208,276. These receipts and expendi- 
tiu*es include all direct taxes, loans, treasury notes, &c., and payments of the public debt. 

The amount of uuports for the year ending September 30, "1830, was $70,876,920 ; of which $61,035,739 
were in American, and $9,841,181 in foreign vessels. Exports, the same year, $73,849,508, of which 
$59,462,029 were domestic, and $14,387,479, foreign articles. 967,227 tons of American shipping entered, 
and 971,760 tons cleared from ports in the U. S. Total American tonnage in 1829, 1,260,798. 

In 1829, 57,284 tons of shipping were engaged in the whale fishery; and 100,796 tons in other fisheries. 
The total amount of duties collected on American tonnage, in 1829, was $1,732,034. The tonnage of vessels 
built, registered and enrolled, in the U. S. in 1829, was 77,098 tons. 

.ilRMY OF THE UNITED STATES.— Lewis Cass, Secretary of War ; Alexander Macomb, 
Major General; Edmund P. Gaines, Winfield Scott, and Thomas S. Jessup, Brigadier Generals ; Colonel 
Nathan Towson, Paymaster General; Joseph Lovell, Surgeon General; and Charles Gratiot, Chief Engi- 
neer. The army consists of four regiments of artillery, and seven regiments of infantry. The western 
department of the army is under the command of General Gaine.=j, the easteni, under the command of Gene- 
ral Scott. The whole army consists of 6,190 officers and men. There are 58 military posts and arsenals 
in the United States, besides others in a state of forwardness. In times of foreign invasion, insurrection, or 
rebellion, the militia of the several states is under the conunand of the general government. The number of 
which, in 1830, is stated in the table. 

The Military Academy at West Point, in New York, was established in 1802. Colonel Sylvanus Thayer, 
is Superintendant and Commandant. The number of cadets is limited to 2.50. The academy is generally 
full. From the establishment of this institution to September 2, 1828, there had been 1289 cadets adnutted ; 
540 commissioned; 477 resigned; 162 discharged ; 20 had died; and in 1830, 213 remained. The cost of 
this estabhshment to 1828, was $1,185,421. 

From 1795 to 1817 inclusive, there were made at the Armory, at Harper's Fen'v, Vir. 82,727 muskets, 
1 l,870repai'd. and 4, 100 pistols; at Springfield, Mass., there were made 128,559 muskets, 1,202 carbuies, and 
45,800 repr'd. The expenses at the latter place for purchases, buildings, repairs, &c. was $1,820,122. After 
sundry deductions being made, the actual cost of a musket was estimated at $13,56. 

NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES.— L. Woodbury, Secretary of the Navy. John Rodgers, 
Charles Stewart, and Charles Morris Commissioners ; C. W. Goldsborough, Secretary of the Board. 
There are 40 Captains ; 37 Masters Commandant ; 2C0 Lieutenants ; 44 Surgeons ; 42 Pursers ; 9 Chap- 
lains; and 12 Navy Agents. Samuel Humphreys, Chief Naval Constructor. There are 7 Navy Yards 
in the United States. William M. Crane Commandant at Portsmouth, N. H. ; W. Bainbridge at Charlestown, 
Mass. ; Isaac Chaunccy at Brooklyn, N. Y. ; L. Warrington at Philadelphia, Penn. ; Isaac Hull at Wash- 
ington, D. C. ; James Barron at Go.sport, Vir. ; and Alex. J. Dallas at Pensacola, Florida. 

There are 7 ships of 74 guns each ; 7 frigates of 44 guns, and 3 of 36 guns ; 2 sloops of war of 24 guns, 
and 13 of 18 guns ; and 8 schooners, which are either on the stations of the Mediterranean, West Indies, Brazil, 
or Pacific Ocean, or lying in ordmary at the several naval depots. There are also 5 ships of the line, and 7 
frigates of the first class on the stocks, and which can be launched and ready for sea on a few months' notice. 
The frigate Constitution, otherwise called, " Old Iron Sides," — the victor of the Guerrierc on the 19th Au- 
gust, 1812 ; of the Java on the 29th of December following ; and of the Cyane and Levant in February, 
1815 — was built at Boston in 1797, and cost $302,719. She is now at Charlestown, Mass. 

The annual cost of a 74 gun ship on a cruize, is $1150,360 ; the same in ordinary, $6,433. ' Of a 44 gun 
frigate on a cruize, $112,000; in ordinary, $5,003. Complement of a 74, 656 men • of a 44, 450 ; and of a 
sloop of war, first class, 184 men. The cost of a 36 to a 74 gun ship, is estimated at $4,500 per gun ; of a 
32, $4,000 ; and of a 20 gun ship, $3,500 per gun. 



POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT OF THE U. S.— William T. Bariy, Post Master General. Salary 
$6,000 — (the same as to the Secretaries of the Trcusuvy, Aniiy, and Navy.) 

in the year 1790, there were 75 Post OlTices in the United States, 1875 miles of post roads : the receipts o< 
the Post Office were $37,935, expenditures S3'2,M0. In 1800, there were 903 Post Otrieea, '20,817 miles ot 
post roads : receipts i'280,S01, expenditures 3213,994, In 1810, there were 2300 Post Offices, 36,406 miles of 
post roads : receipts jt;551,084, expenditures $495,969. In 1820, there were 4,500 Post Cilices, 72,492 miles 
of post roads : receipts $1,111,927, expenditures $1,160,926. In 1829, there were 8,004 Post Offices, 115,000 
miles of post roads: receipts Sl,850,583, cxjicnditures $1,932,708. The mail, in 1831, was transported by 
coaches, steam lioats, sulkies, and on horseback 15,468,692 miles. Rates of Postage : — for every letter of a 
single sheet, not over 30 miles, 6 cents; ovc'r 30 to 80 miles, 10 cents ; over 80 to 150 miles, 12j cents; over 
1.50 to 400 miles, ISj cents ; over 400 miles, 25 cents. Double, triple, and quadruple letters, in the same ratio. 
No letter can be charged W'ith more than quadruple postage, unless its weight exceeds one ounce avoi-Tdupais. 

Newspapers, or one sheet of printed jiaper, not over 100 miles lo any state, and to any distance in the state 
where printed, 1 cent ; over 100 miles out of the state where printed, 1^ cents. Magazines and pamphlets, for 
every lt10 miles, 4 cents per sheet ; over 100 miles, 6 cents. If published feriodkally, for 100 miles, Ij cents ; 
over 100 miles, Sj cents. There are between 60 and 70 persons employed in this office. About 10,000 ac- 
counts are balanced and settled quarterly. Upwards of 380,000 dead letters were returned to this office in 
1829. The revenue arising from the General Post Office, has, in a great measure, been expended in the ex- 
tension and improvement of the establishment. 

The privilege of franking, and receiving letters free of postage, is given to the following persons, viz. 

President and Vice Pres't. of U. S. Sect's, of State, TreasuPi-, War, and Navy, P. M. General and Ass'ts 
P. M. Gen. Att'y. Gen., Compt's. of the Treasury, Audi's., Reg. Treas., ComnVr. of the Gen. Land Office, 
Ex-Presidents of the U. S., Members of Congress (during the Session, and 00 days before and after the same,) 
Comm's of the Navy Board, Adj't. Gen. Comm'y. Gen. Insp's. Gen. Quart. Mas. Gen. Pay Mast. Gen. 
Sect'y. of the Senate, Clerk of the H. of Rep. Sup'nt. of the Patent Office ; and P. Masters, not to exceed 
half an ounce in weight, and one dailv newspaper. 

UNITED STATES MINT.— This institution commenced operations in 1792, at Philadelphia, where it 
has always been located. A spacious and splendid edifice for its accommodation was commenced in that city 
in 1829, and is now completed. The coinage cH'ccted from the time of its establishment to 1829, was 
109,278,031 pieces of gold, silver, and copper, amounting to $32,176,825 37. The coinage at the mint in 
1830, amounted to 8,357,191 pieces — value S3,155,G20. It is to be hoped, that the mode of computing by 
pounds, shillings, and pence, will be abolished; and that pistareens, shilling, nine-penny, seven- penny half- 
penny, and eleven-penny bits will soon, by means of this institution, assume the more convenient form of the 
federal coins. 

An eagle of gold, valued at $10, must weigh 11 penny-weights and 6 grains. A dollar must weigh 17 pen- 
ny-weights and 7 grains of silver; and a cent must weigh 11 penny-weights of copper. All coins ceased to be 
a legal tender in the United States on the 15th October, 1797, except federal coins and Spanish milled dollars. 

UNITED STATES BANK.— This bank was incorporated March 3, 1816, It is located at Philadel- 
phia. It has a capital of 35 millions of dollars, which is divided into 350,000 shares, of $100 each. Its char- 
ter expires in 1836. The United States hold 70,000 shares ; individuals the residue. Nicholas Biddle is 
President, and Samuel Jaudon, Cashier. There are 26 branches of this bank now in operation in various 
parts of the union. The shares of this bank in 1817, were worth 56 per cent, advance, and Oct. 1, 1832, 
17 per cent, advance. The old United States Bank was chartered in 1791. Its charter exi)ircd in 1811. Its 
capital was $10,000,000, divided into 25,000 shares : it made an average, annual dividend, of 8s per cent, dur- 
ing its continuance. In 1809, 18,000 of the shares were held by foreigners. 

MINISTERS AND DIPLOMATIC AGENTS OF THE UNITED STATES— Resident m 
Foreign Countries. — Great Britain — Minister, London. France — William C. Rives, Min- 

ister, Paris. Htjssio- James Buchanan, Minister, St. Petersburgh. Spain — Cornelius P. Van Ness, Minister, 
Madrid. Portugal — Thomas L. L. Brent, Chargfed'Afliiires, Lisbon. Ncllieriands — A. Devezac, Charge 
d' Affairs. Brussels. Sweden — Christopher Hughes, Charg6 d'Atlaires, Stockholm. Denmark — Henry 
Wheaton, Charg6 d'Afliiires, Copenhagen. United Mexican States — Anthony Butler, Charg6 d'Affaires, 
Mexico. Colombia — Thomas P. Moore, Minister, Bogota. Brazil — E. A. Brown, Chargfe il'Affaires, Rio 
de Janeiro. Republic of Peru — Samuel Earned, Charge d'AlTaires, Lima. Republic of Buenos Ayres-Francia 
Baylies, Chargfe d'Affaires. Chili — John Hamm, Charg6 d'Affaires, St. Jago de Chili. Barbary Powers— 
David Porter, Consul General, Algiers. Hayli — Francis M.Dimond, Commercial Agent, Port au Prince. 

The pay of Ministers Plenipotentiary is $9,000 outfit, and $9,000 per annum. Charges d'Affaires receive 
84,500, and Secretaries of Legation $2,000 per annum. 

PUBLIC LANDS OF THE UNITED STATES.— The public lands within the states and territo- 
ries of the United States, consist of those lands ceded by many of the states to the United States; the latter 
"aking the responsibility of extinguishing the Indian titles, together with those lands obtained from France by 
he purchase of Louisiana, and those by the cession of the Floridas from Spain. The number of acres thus 
cquired by the United States, previous to the 1st of January, 1826, was 314,323,120 acres. From this quan- 
ity 55,947,453 acres must be deducted as being the undisputed property of the Indians. The public domain, 
herefore, at that date, was 210,273,300 of acres, after deducting 19,'239,412 acres, which had then been sold ; 
f, 708,066 acres appropriated for schools and colleges, and 21,156,889 acres appropriated for military bounties, 
irivate claims, and special donations. The cost of these lands to the United States, was $32,911,813. The 
19,239,412 acres sold for $10,351,880. The expense incident to that sale, was $1,154,950. From 1826, to 
fune, 1829, 3,227,682 acres more had been sold for $4,286,801. Some has, probably, been sold since. Of the 
mmpaid for these lands by the United States, the Indians have received $3,392,494, and the state of Georgia, 
$6,200,000. The minimum price of these lands is $1J per acre ; and, since 1820, no credit is given to pur- 
ihasers. These lands are surveyed before they are offered for sale. They are divided into townships of six 
miles square, which are divided into 36 sections, one mile square, containing each 640 acres ; and sold in sec- 
lions and parts of sections. One mile square in each township is reserved for a school fund. A large quan- 
tity of these lands is surveyed, and for sale at the various land offices in the states where they are located. 
Elijah Hay ward is the land commissioner at Washington, and James M. Moore, chief clerk. "These lands 
lie in the following states and territories: viz. Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, 
Michigan, Arkansas, and east and west Florida. These lands hold out a most inviting prospect to the enter- 
prising emigrant. 

The quantity of unceded lands belonging to the Indians, and lying north and west of the states and territo- 
ries of Iha United States, but within the limits of the United States, has been estimated at about 750,000,000 
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